扬子克拉通后太古宙碎屑沉积岩地球化学及其构造意义

系统分析了扬子克拉通从中元古代到白垩纪不同时代8个碎屑沉积岩的主量元素和微量元素成分.这8个样品的REE分配模式与全球典型细粒碎屑沉积岩PAAS、NASC、ES及全球平均大陆上地壳一致.志留纪—泥盆纪样品以高w (La) /w (Co)、w (La) /w (Sc)、w (Th) /w (Co)、w (Th) /w (Sc) 比值为特征, 物源上表现出北秦岭的特征, 表明扬子克拉通曾与华北克拉通南缘的北秦岭在志留纪—泥盆纪对接.      

Changes in zooxanthellae density,morphology, and mitotic index in hermatypic corals and anemones exposed to cyanide

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) is widely used for the capture of reef fish throughout Southeast Asia and causes extensive fish mortality, but the effect of NaCN on reef corals remains debated. To document the impact of cyanide exposure on corals, the species Acropora millepora, Goniopora sp., Favites abdita, Trachyphyllia geoffrio, Plerogyra sp., Heliofungia actinformis, Euphyllia divisa, and Scarophyton sp., and the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida were exposed to varying concentrations of cyanide for varying time periods. Corals were exposed to 50, 100, 300, and 600 mg/l of cyanide ion (CN(-)) for 1-2 min (in seawater, the CN(-) forms hydrocyanic acid). These concentrations are much lower than those reportedly used by fish collectors. Exposed corals and anemones immediately retracted their tentacles and mesenterial filaments, and discharged copious amounts of mucus containing zooxanthellae. Gel electrophoreses techniques found changes in protein expression in both zooxanthellae and host tissue. Corals and anemones exposed to cyanide showed an immediate increase in mitotic cell division of their zooxenthellae, and a decrease in zooxanthellae density. In contrast, zooxanthellae cell division and density remained constant in controls. Histopathological changes included gastrodermal disruption, mesogleal degradation, and increased mucus in coral tissues. Zooxanthellae showed pigment loss, swelling, and deformation. Mortality occurred at all exposure levels. Exposed specimens experienced an increase in the ratio of gram-negative to gram-positive bacteria on the coral surface. The results demonstrate that exposure cyanide causes mortality to corals and anemones, even when applied at lower levels than that used by fish collectors. Even brief exposure to cyanide caused slow-acting and long-term damage to corals and their zooxanthellae.     

西藏林周盆地中酸性脉岩的年代学、地球化学和岩石成因

林子宗火山岩(也称林子宗群)出露在青藏高原拉萨地块南部,被认为是印度与欧亚大陆发生碰撞的岩浆作用响应。发育在拉萨东北林周盆地的林子宗火山岩剖面完整,是最初的命名地,在过去的20年来已经完成了较好的研究工作。本文对林周盆地林子宗火山岩地层中产出的中性(闪长玢岩)和酸性(花岗斑岩)脉岩开展了研究,新获得了5个样品的锆石UPb定年和Hf同位素数据和11套主量和微量元素地球化学数据。这些脉岩侵入到林子宗群的典中组和年波组地层中。所有样品均为亚碱性岩石,在钾质特征上属于钙碱性到高钾钙碱性系列岩石。样品均为过铝质(除了一个样品为铝质岩石,A/CNK=0.86)。一个闪长玢岩样品的年龄为62.4Ma,具有正的εHf(t)值(+5.1~+7.6),显示了与典中组安山岩相似的地球化学成分。其余的花岗斑岩侵入时代为55.1~61.1Ma,εHf(t)范围为-1.1~+10.4(仅有一个负值,其余全部为正值),它们与近于同时代的年波组流纹质火山岩具有相似的地球化学特征。林周盆地脉岩的主要特征可以归纳为:(1)岩石具有类似地幔的Hf同位素特征,总计86个Hf同位素中仅有一个负值,所有样品平均的εHf(t)为5.9;(2)每个样品具有变化范围很宽的εHf(t)值,4个花岗斑岩样品每个样品内部的εHf(t)值变化达到3.5~8.8个ε单位,显示了不均一的源区组成;(3)从主量元素的成分变化趋势(FeO T-MgO关系图)指示了岩浆混合作用的成分趋势。这些特征表明在冈底斯带南缘发生的古新世-始新世大规模幔源岩浆底侵作用和岩浆混合作用,也可以用来解释林周盆地脉岩的形成过程。这些脉岩作为浅成的侵入体,与其同时代的林子宗火山岩(典中组和年波组)一样,都是伴随着冈底斯带南缘从特提斯洋俯冲削减过渡到印度与欧亚大陆碰撞的构造转化过程中形成的。     

Characterizing aquatic sediment-oil aggregates using in situ instruments

The effects of emulsified crude oil and salinity (15, 30 per thousand ) on the steady state aggregate volume distributions and fractal dimensions were determined for a range of mean velocity gradients, (G(m) =5-50 s(-1)). Aggregation was performed in a 40-L cylindrical tank with a 4-blade paddle mixer. Three-dimensional fractal dimensions (D3) and volume distributions were determined using a procedure integrating data from an electrozone and an in situ light scattering instrument. Two-dimensional fractal dimensions (D2) and derived volume distributions were determined using a recently developed submersible flow cytometer equipped with a digital camera and image analysis software. For latex beads or emulsified crude oil systems, the above listed instruments yielded consistent size distributions and fractal dimensions (D2=1.92 +/- 0.16, D3=2.94 +/- 0.12). Mean volume aggregate diameters determined using the FlowCAM were consistently larger that those determined using the LISST-100 or Coulter Multisizer due to aggregate orientations during measurements. With increasing G(m) values, all colloidal aggregates showed increasing D3 values due to reduced aggregate length. Because of the compactness of all the aggregates (D3 >2), D2 values remained constant at 2. Neither salinity nor sediment type significantly affected D2 values calculated for sediment-crude oil aggregates. However, clay-oil aggregates showed higher D3 values than clay aggregates. This suggests that colloidal oil and mixing shear are the more dominant factors influencing aggregate morphology in nearshore waters. Overall, the data suggests that the analysis methods provide consistent size distribution results. However, because of the shear and salinity of coastal waters, resulting aggregates are too compact to estimate their D3 values using image analysis alone.     

Science, policy and the management of sewage materials. The New York City experience

Development of national policy on sewage sludge management is a classic example of incremental policy formulation [Fiorino, D.J. 1995. Making Environmental Policy. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA. p. 269]. Consequently, policy has developed piecemeal, and results are, in some ways, different than intended. Land application of sewage sludge has not been a panacea. Many of the same types of policy are now being raised about it. We demonstrate this by examining the management of sewage materials by New York City from near the turn of the 20th century, when ocean dumping was viewed as a means to alleviate some of the gross pollution in New York Harbor, to when ocean dumping was banned, and thence to the present when sludge is applied to land as "biosolids." Lessons learned during this long, sometimes contentious history can be applied to present situations--specifically not understanding the long-term consequences of land-based reuse and disposal technologies.     

Reflectance spectroscopy of ferric sulfate-bearing montmorillonites as Mars soil analog materials

Spectroscopic analyses have shown that smectites enhanced in the laboratory with additional ferric species exhibit important similarities to those of the soils on Mars. Ferrihydrite in these chemically treated smectites has features in the visible to near-infrared region that resemble the energies and band strengths of features in reflectance spectra observed for several bright regions on Mars. New samples have been prepared with sulfate as well, because S was found by Viking to be a major component in the surface material on Mars. A suite of ferrihydrite-bearing and ferric sulfate-bearing montmorillonites, prepared with variable Fe3+ and S concentrations and variable pH conditions, has been analyzed using reflectance spectroscopy in the visible and infrared regions, M?ssbauer spectroscopy at room temperature and 4 K, differential thermal analysis, and X-ray diffraction. These analyses support the formation of ferrihydrite of variable crystallinity in the ferrihydrite-bearing montmorillonites and a combination of schwertmannite and ferrihydrite in the ferric sulfate-bearing montmorillonites. Small quantities of poorly crystalline or nanophase forms of other ferric materials may also be present in these samples. The chemical formation conditions of the ferrihydrite-bearing and ferric sulfate-bearing montmorillonites influence the character of the low temperature M?ssbauer sextets and the visible reflectance spectra. An absorption minimum is observed at 0.88-0.89 micrometers in spectra of the ferric sulfate-bearing samples, and at 0.89-0.92 micrometers in spectra of the ferrihydrate-bearing montmorillonites. M?ssbauer spectra of the ferric sulfate-bearing montmorillonites indicate variable concentrations of ferrihydrite and schwertmannite in the interlaminar spaces and along grain surfaces. Dehydration under reduced atmospheric pressure conditions induces a greater effect on the adsorbed and interlayer water in ferrihydrite-bearing montmorillonite than on the water in ferric sulfate-bearing montmorillonite. Reflectance spectra of ferric sulfate-bearing montmorillonite include a strong 3-micrometers band that is more resistant to dry atmospheric conditions than the 3-micrometers band in spectra of similarly prepared ferrihydrite-bearing montmorillonites.     

Meteorite organics in planetary environments: hydrothermal release, surface activity, and microbial utilization

Up to 50% of the organics in the Murchison meteorite, possibly including some of the polymer, is released in high temperature and pressure aqueous environments, to 350 degrees C and 250 bar, that simulate submarine volcanic, hydrothermal or impact-induced conditions. Meteorite organics of prebiotic significance, such as nonanoic acid, glycine, and pyrene survive the hydrothermal conditions. The released material is surface active with surface pressures up to 19.8 x 10(-3) N m-1, and exhibits an extended surface tension isotherm which suggests a mixture of amphiphilic components. One component, nonanoic acid, is shown to form vesicles. The materials extracted under mild conditions, at 120 degrees C, are nutrients for the humic acid bacterium Pseudomonas maltophilia and efficient nutrients for the oligotroph Flavobacterium oryzihabitans, demonstrating the capability of microorganisms to metabolize extraterrestrial organics.