华北克拉通中部大陆地壳断面磁性结构研究及意义

为探讨华北克拉通中部地壳的磁性结构与深部地质过程之间的相互关系,测量了五台-集宁地壳剖面４４件岩石样品的磁性参量及磁滞回线．结合岩石学、地球化学及磁卫星资料的综合研究结果表明,整个断面具有明显的磁性分带结构特征．上地壳、中地壳与下地壳上部岩石饱和磁化强度（Ｊｓ）的平均值分别为５８．７Ａ／ｍ、６８１．２Ａ／ｍ与１０６８．０Ａ／ｍ,而饱和等温剩磁ＪＳＩＲＭ为４．１Ａ／ｍ、７７．９Ａ／ｍ和１３８.４Ａ／ｍ.磁性与变质相及成分对应分析显示,断面内的磁性结构主要受变质作用控制（尤其是变酸性岩与变基性岩）．Ｊｓ值的变异系数Ｖｃ,上地壳为６２．２％、中地壳为６２．５％、下地壳为１４３．７％,而ＪＳＩＲＭ值的变异系数则分别为７０７％、８６．１％、１６５.４％．中一下地壳之间Ｖｃ值的差异远大于上一中地壳,显示了地壳深部磁性强度的非均一分布特征．本区中一下地壳岩石的磁化强度明显高于秦岭造山带北缘的登封群与太华群,这一差异可能与两区地壳深部热结构的明显差异相关．结合磁卫星长波长磁异常分析推测,地壳断面中基性麻粒岩的磁性代表了区域下地壳的磁化强度,如果地壳深部的剩余磁性以热粘滞剩磁（ＴＶＲＴ）为主,则可估算出...     

微区原位Sm-Nd同位素体系分析技术及其地质应用

微区地球化学是近年来迅速发展的地球化学分支.系统介绍了矿物微区原位Sm-Nd同位素分析技术的发展过程与现状,重点总结了目前主要的适用测试对象(如磷灰石、榍石、独居石和褐帘石等)和质谱测量过程中同量异位素干扰(包括144Sm对144Nd,130Ba16O对146Nd等)的校正方法,并展示了应用微区原位Sm-Nd分析进行年代学和造山带隆升-剥蚀定量研究的部分成果,这些应用实例充分显示了该方法在地球科学研究中所具有的重要意义.     

Chemical dispersant effectiveness testing: influence of droplet coalescence

Thermodynamic and kinetic investigations were performed to determine the influence of coalescence of chemically dispersed crude oil droplets in saline waters. For the range of pH (4-10) and salinity (10 per thousand, 30 per thousand, 50 per thousand ) values studied, zeta-potential values ranged from -3 to -10 mV. As the interaction potential values calculated using Derjaguin-Landau-Verway-Overbeek (DLVO) theory were negative, the electrostatic barrier did not produce significant resistance to droplet coalescence. Coalescence kinetics of premixed crude oil and chemical dispersant were determined within a range of mean shear rates (Gm = 5, 10, 15, 20 s(-1)) and salinity (10 per thousand, 30 per thousand ) values. Coalescence reaction rates were modeled using Smoluchowski reaction kinetics. Measured collision efficiency values (alpha = 0.25) suggest insignificant resistance to coalescence in shear systems. Experimentally determined dispersant efficiencies (alpha = 0.35) were 10-50% lower than that predicted using a non-interacting droplet model (alpha = 0.0). Unlike other protocols in which the crude oil and dispersant are not premixed, salinity effects were not significant in this protocol. This approach allowed the effects of dispersant-oil contact efficiency eta(contact) to be separated from those of water column transport efficiency (eta(transport)) and coalescence efficiency (eta(coalescence)).     

青藏高原南部拉萨地块中新世超钾质岩石中的锆石记录

幔源岩浆上升的过程中捕获的锆石为揭示深部地壳"隐藏"的岩浆作用事件提供了宝贵机会。本文对采自南部拉萨地块学那地区的超钾质脉岩中的锆石进行了U-Pb年代学、微量元素和Hf同位素研究。研究结果表明,学那超钾质岩石中的锆石主要展示出4个主要的年龄峰值,分别是:<100Ma、300~400Ma、450~500Ma以及700~850Ma。这些锆石高U/Yb比值、低Y含量的特征暗示起源于大陆地壳。而新生代-中生代(<100Ma)和晚古生代(300~400Ma)的岩浆活动在南部拉萨地块上广泛发育,这表明南部拉萨地块新生地壳物质对学那超钾质岩浆活动的贡献。但是超钾质脉岩中早古生代和元古代(450~500Ma和 700~850Ma)锆石捕掳晶的存在则证实印度大陆地壳物质的加入。此外,从大约55Ma左右开始,锆石颗粒的(Dy/Yb)_N比值开始逐渐增高,ε_Hf(t)值则从+10~+5迅速下降至-10~-25。考虑到南部拉萨地块新生地壳的同位素组成特征,超钾质脉岩中的这些锆石颗粒可能记录了印度-亚洲陆陆汇聚过程中地壳的显著加厚以及俯冲的印度大陆地壳物质对南部拉萨地块后碰撞岩浆作用的贡献。     

激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪新分析模式及其在地球科学中的应用

本研究提出了一种新的激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)分析模式,即采用短时间、高频率的激光剥蚀方式产生峰形信号,并结合线性回归校正策略来计算元素含量或同位素比值.为了评估该分析模式在地球科学中的应用范围,我们对高空间分辨率(10μm)下元素定量分析、锆石快速U-Pb定年及快速Sr-Hf同位素测定进行了系...     

内蒙古集宁橄榄岩包体微区微量元素与Sr同位素特征及其岩石圈地幔演化的指示意义

为完整了解华北克拉通的破坏程度和机制,加深对其西部陆块岩石圈地幔的研究十分重要,而位于华北克拉通西部集宁新生代碱性玄武岩中的地幔橄榄岩包体,为研究人员认识该地区的岩石圈地幔的性质和演化起到指示作用.运用LA-ICP-MS和LA-MC-ICP-MS对集宁地区橄榄岩矿物进行原位微区测试,获得其主量、微量元素和Sr同位素成分的数据.根据矿物组成,可以将集宁地区的橄榄岩分为两类:第一类为贫单斜辉石橄榄岩 (单斜辉石体积分数小于8%),它们经历了高程度的部分熔融,可能是古老难熔岩石圈地幔的残留;第二类为二辉橄榄岩 (单斜辉石体积分数大于13%),其熔融程度低,代表了新生饱满的岩石圈地幔.第一类橄榄岩中单斜辉石REE含量整体偏低且轻微富集LREE,第二类橄榄岩中单斜辉石具有LREE富集和轻微亏损两种配分模式,大部分样品的核边有一定的强不相容元素及Sr同位素组成变化.这些微量元素和同位素特征都表明集宁橄榄岩包体经历过交代作用.(La/Yb)_N和Ti/Eu比值特征表明它们经历过多阶段的交代作用,交代介质有硅酸盐、碳酸盐熔/流体,这些交代介质可能为来源于古亚洲洋板块俯冲时释放的熔/流体.      

Geochemical tracers to evaluate hydrogeologic controls on river salinization

The salinization of rivers, as indicated by salinity increases in the downstream direction, is characteristic of arid and semiarid regions throughout the world. Historically, salinity increases have been attributed to various mechanisms, including (1) evaporation and concentration during reservoir storage, irrigation, and subsequent reuse; (2) displacement of shallow saline ground water during irrigation; (3) erosion and dissolution of natural deposits; and/or (4) inflow of deep saline and/or geothermal ground water (ground water with elevated water temperature). In this study, investigation of salinity issues focused on identification of relative salinity contributions from anthropogenic and natural sources in the Lower Rio Grande in the New Mexico-Texas border region. Based on the conceptual model of the system, the various sources of water and, therefore, salinity to the Lower Rio Grande were identified, and a sampling plan was designed to characterize these sources. Analysis results for boron (delta(11)B), sulfur (delta(34)S), oxygen (delta(18)O), hydrogen (delta(2)H), and strontium ((87)Sr/(86)Sr) isotopes, as well as basic chemical data, confirmed the hypothesis that the dominant salinity contributions are from deep ground water inflow to the Rio Grande. The stable isotopic ratios identified the deep ground water inflow as distinctive, with characteristic isotopic signatures. These analyses indicate that it is not possible to reproduce the observed salinization by evapotranspiration and agricultural processes alone. This investigation further confirms that proper application of multiple isotopic and geochemical tracers can be used to identify and constrain multiple sources of solutes in complex river systems.     

Diseases leading to accelerated decline of reef corals in the largest South Atlantic reef complex (Abrolhos Bank, eastern Brazil)

Although reef corals worldwide have sustained epizootics in recent years, no coral diseases have been observed in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean until now. Here we present an overview of the main types of diseases and their incidence in the largest and richest coral reefs in the South Atlantic (Abrolhos Bank, eastern Brazil). Qualitative observations since the 1980s and regular monitoring since 2001 indicate that coral diseases intensified only recently (2005–2007). Based on estimates of disease prevalence and progression rate, as well as on the growth rate of a major reef-building coral species (the Brazilian-endemic Mussismilia braziliensis), we predict that eastern Brazilian reefs will suffer a massive coral cover decline in the next 50 years, and that M. braziliensis will be nearly extinct in less than a century if the current rate of mortality due to disease is not reversed.