中国东部新生代玄武岩高Fe/Mn比值的成因意义

中国东部新生代玄武岩普遍具有的高Fe/Mn比值(平均 = 68.6 ± 11.5)与OIB型微量元素特征暗示高Fe/Mn比值与OIB型特征之间具有耦合关系. 尽管单斜辉石分离结晶作用会引起玄武岩Fe/Mn比值增加, 但对华北克拉通北缘的汉诺坝和南缘安徽境内新生代玄武岩的详细研究, 发现这些玄武岩的高Fe/Mn比值无法单独用单斜辉石分离结晶作用解释, 而必须存在高Fe/Mn比值原始岩浆. 橄榄岩和辉石岩部分熔融实验研究和模拟计算结果表明, 高Fe/Mn比值与OIB型特征之间的耦合关系应反映了地幔源区中存在的辉石岩组分, 而不必求助于核-幔作用或高度亏损岩石圈地幔的再熔融作用. 结合中国东部的岩石圈演化历史和新生代玄武岩Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成, 新生代玄武岩的高Fe/Mn比值和OIB型微量元素组成之间的耦合特征应是中国东部岩石圈演化过程中广泛的岩石圈物质再循环作用的记录.     

Optimization of nutrient component for diesel oil degradation by Rhodococcus erythropolis

A novel bacterium T7-2 was isolated from the oil-polluted sea-bed mud of Bohai Sea, northern China, which can degrade diesel oil at 15 °C. This bacterium was identified as a strain of Rhodococcus erythropolis according to its 16S rDNA gene. In order to enhance degradation efficiency, a five-level, three-factor central composite design was employed to optimize the nutrition supplied to artificial seawater. The results indicate that a supplement of 2.53 g (NH₄)₂SO₄ L⁻¹, 2.75 g Na₂HPO₄ L⁻¹ and 0.01 g yeast extract L⁻¹ to artificial seawater increases the degradation rate from 12.61% to 75% within 7 d.     

Forensic isotope analysis to refine a hydrologic conceptual model

Water resources in the arid southwestern United States are frequently the subject of conflict from competing private and public interests. Legal remedies may remove impasses, but the technical analysis of the problem often determines the future success of legal solutions. In Owens Valley, California, the source of water for the Los Angeles Aqueduct (LAA) is flow diverted from the Owens River and its tributaries and ground water from valley aquifers. Future management of ground water delivered to the LAA needs technical support regarding quantity available, interconnection of shallow and confined aquifers, impact on local springs, and rate of recharge. Ground water flow models and ground water composition are tools already in use, but these have large uncertainty for local interpretations. This study conducted targeted sampling of springs and wells to evaluate the hydrologic system to corroborate conceptual and numerical models. The effort included measurement of intrinsic isotopic composition at key locations in the aquifers. The stable isotopic data of boron (delta(11)B), sulfur (delta(34)S), oxygen (delta(18)O), hydrogen (delta D), and tritium ((3)H) supported by basic chemical data provided rules for characterizing the upper and the lower aquifer system, confirmed the interpretation of ground water flow near faults and flow barriers, and detected hydraulic connections between the LAA and the perennial springs at key locations along the unlined reach of the LAA. This study exemplifies the use of forensic isotopic approaches as independent checks on the consistency of interpretations of conceptual models of a ground water system and the numerical hydrologic simulations.     

Evaluation of stony coral indicators for coral reef management

Colonies of reef-building stony corals at 57 stations around St. Croix, US Virgin Islands were characterized by species, size and percentage of living tissue. Taxonomic, biological and physical indicators of coral condition were derived from these measurements and assessed for their response to gradients of human disturbance—a requirement for indicators used in regulatory assessments under authority of the Clean Water Act. At the most intensely disturbed location, five of eight primary indicators were highly correlated with distance from the source of disturbance: Coral taxa richness, average colony size, the coefficient of variation of colony size, total topographic coral surface area, and live coral surface area. An additional set of exploratory indicators related to rarity, reproductive and spawning mode and taxonomic identity were also screened. The primary indicators demonstrated sufficient precision to detect levels of change that would be applicable in a regional-scale regulatory program.     

青藏高原南部地幔包体的发现及其意义

尽管青藏高原碰撞后超钾质岩石代表了上地幔低度部分熔融的产物,增加了对地幔的了解,但是对青藏高原陆下岩石圈地幔的性质依然缺乏清楚认识,其中一个最主要的问题是高原腹地的超钾质岩石中一直缺少幔源包体和巨晶.本文报导了青藏高原南部赛利普粗面安山岩(具有典型的超钾质岩石特征,年龄约为17Ma)中产出的地幔包体的矿物主量元素成分.包体大小为0.5cm～1.5cm,主要为两类,一类是辉石岩(0px Cpx),另一类为二辉橄榄岩(Ol Opx Cpx±Phl±sp).包体中橄榄石(Mg#=89～90,CaO=0.05%～0.12%,TiO2<0.03%,NiO=0.29%～0.80%),单斜辉石(Mg#=88～91,Al2O3=5.5%～7%),斜方辉石(TiO2=0.05%～0.15%,Al2O3=2%～5%)和尖晶石(Mg#=58～76,Cr#=10～44,Cr2O3=9%～35%,MnO=0.09%～0.24%,FeO=11%～18%,Al2O3=29%～57%,MgO=16%～21%)的成分与中国东部新生代玄武岩中的地幔包体特征一致.包体的温度为990～1140℃、压力为16～20kb,显示的地温曲线与中国东部、东非肯尼亚等世界典型裂谷区的上地幔特征一致,表明青藏高原南部在中新世尽管处于印度与亚洲大陆的挤压汇聚状态,但是仍具有区域性伸展作用存在,这与藏南广泛发育的南北向裂谷和地表高热流是吻合的.包体中含水金云母与石英的出现以及尖晶石成分不均一性等揭示了包体中多期交代作用过程.与金云母共生的尖晶石后期改造作用表明导致藏南上地幔改造的交代流体应是与寄主火山岩成分接近的富K,Si和H2O的流体.藏南地幔包体的深入研究将对揭示青藏高原地幔的成分、状态与深部作用过程以及为更好解释超钾质岩石的成因提供更多的证据.     

吐哈盆地早二叠世玄武岩原始岩浆性质:来自熔融包裹体成分的制约

东天山地区的二叠纪玄武岩沿着区域的北东东向断裂呈脉状分布,吐哈盆地玄武岩的⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar坪年龄为298.2±3.8Ma,为早二叠世,与前人的玄武岩年龄结果在误差范围内一致。可能与东天山地区二叠纪岩浆铜镍矿床镁铁-超镁铁岩有密切的成因联系。吐哈玄武岩的主微量成分显示其为岛弧拉斑、大陆弧玄武岩,轻稀土富集和Nb、Ta负异常,指示源区可能经历过俯冲作用的改造。吐哈盆地二叠纪玄武岩含有新鲜的橄榄石和长石斑晶,橄榄石斑晶中熔融包裹体较发育。熔融包裹体为玻璃质、气相和玻璃质、气相、固相两种类型。包裹体中不透明矿物主要为磁铁矿,说明捕获包裹体时岩浆的氧逸度和Fe含量较高。熔融包裹体分为高MgO和低MgO含量两种。高MgO含量的包体同时具有低SiO₂、低微量和稀土元素含量的特征,可能为地幔高部分熔融的产物,且经历过深部演化程度较弱。该高MgO熔体的微量元素显示Nb、Ta亏损的特征,具有N-MORB特征的微量和稀土元素分配模式,预示该熔体为受到俯冲交代的地幔熔融形成。熔融包裹体相对玄武岩具有低的Th和Ta含量、相对弱的Nb和Ta的负异常的特征,指示熔融包裹体的成分经受改造程度低于玄武岩,暗示可能为经历过较少后期作用改造的相对原始的熔体。熔体中Cu含量（12.4×10^-6~299×10^-6）在正常玄武质岩浆含量范围内,而Ni含量（236×10^-6~697×10^-6）高于高镁溢流科马提岩和洋中脊玄武岩。该Cu、Ni含量略显解耦的熔体可能代表了经历过深部少量的硫化物熔离,带走小部分Cu和Ni等成矿元素之后所捕获的岩浆。如果将该熔体视为东天山地区二叠纪岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床的母岩浆,该母岩浆中Ni含量相对较高可能是岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床中矿石的Ni/Cu比值大多大于1.0的主要因素。