高分二号数据的城市生态用地分类方法探讨

针对传统分类法分类精度低、速度慢等问题,同时也为了探索国产卫星高分二号遥感数据在城市生态用地分类中的方法及效果,及时获取其生态用地信息,该文以四川省内江市隆昌县城区为研究范围,提出了一种辅以影像光谱特征和纹理特征信息的随机森林分类方法。该方法提取城市生态用地信息,并将其分类结果与传统的支持向量机分类、最大似然分类进行对比,结果表明,新方法具有更高的分类精度和更快的分类速度,更适合高分辨率、多特征参数、大面积的高分二号遥感影像城市生态用地分类。     

Are Models Too Simple? Arguments for Increased Parameterization

The idea that models should be as simple as possible is often accepted without question. However, too much simplification and parsimony may degrade a model's utility. Models are often constructed to make predictions; yet, they are commonly parameterized with a focus on calibration, regardless of whether (1) the calibration data can constrain simulated predictions or (2) the number and type of calibration parameters are commensurate with the hydraulic property details on which key predictions may depend. Parameterization estimated through the calibration process is commonly limited by the necessity that the number of calibration parameters be smaller than the number of observations. This limitation largely stems from historical restrictions in calibration and computing capability; we argue here that better methods and computing capabilities are now available and should become more widely used. To make this case, two approaches to model calibration are contrasted: (1) a traditional approach based on a small number of homogeneous parameter zones defined by the modeler a priori and (2) regularized inversion, which includes many more parameters than the traditional approach. We discuss some advantages of regularized inversion, focusing on the increased insight that can be gained from calibration data. We present these issues using reasoning that we believe has a common sense appeal to modelers; knowledge of mathematics is not required to follow our arguments. We present equations in an Appendix, however, to illustrate the fundamental differences between traditional model calibration and a regularized inversion approach.     

The use of chemical dispersants to combat oil spills at sea: A review of practice and research needs in Europe

In order to better understand the practice of dispersant use, a review has been undertaken of marine oil spills over a 10 year period (1995-2005), looking in particular at variations between different regions and oil-types. This viewpoint presents and analyses the review data and examines a range of dispersant use policies. The paper also discusses the need for a reasoned approach to dispersant use and introduces past cases and studies to highlight lessons learned over the past ten years, focussing on dispersant effectiveness and monitoring; toxicity and environmental effects; the use of dispersants in low salinity waters; response planning and future research needs.     

Significant variations in the productivity of green macroalgae in a mesotidal estuary: implications to the nutrient loading of the system and the adjacent coastal area

A spatially dynamic model for the productivity of spores and adults of green macroalgae (Enteromorpha sp.) was developed for a mesotidal estuary (Mondego estuary, Portugal). Many of the algal processes and parameters included in the model were experimentally obtained. Model predictions were compared to a real time series (1993-1997) of macroalgal biomass variation and the two sets show a good agreement (ANOVA, P<0.001). Results suggest that algal growth is highly sensitive to small changes in depth and exhibits different patterns of variation in different seasons. On a yearly basis, global calculations for the south channel of the estuary (137 ha) suggest that during bloom years, macroalgal biomass may reach about 21,205 ton DW compared to 240 ton DW in regular years. On a seasonal basis, the difference may be even more significant. The consequences of such variations on the nitrogen and phosphorus loading of the system and the adjacent coastal area are discussed.     

全球气候变化的几个关键问题辨析

基于对全球气候变化事实与国家气候变化行动的分析,就当前全球气候变化科学认识和行动中的几个关键问题的不同观点与争论进行了辨析。指出：①应以比较确定的科学事实和“共同但有区别的责任”作为应对气候变化的出发点;②全球增温的幅度被高估了;③近百年全球变暖主要归因于人类活动的论断科学证据不足;④全球变暖的影响有利有弊,具体问题需具体分析;⑤气候预估不等于气候预测,气候预测尚待时日,气候预估的不确定性也非常大;⑥当前应对全球变暖的行动应采取“适应为主、减缓为辅”的战略。     

利用Excel VBA自动绘制物化探平剖图

提出在Excel VBA平台,结合Active X技术,自动实现平剖面图的数据整理及Surfer成图,应用于云南中甸铅锌矿数据成图工作,取得满意效果。     

网纹藤壶壳板矿化结构及其碳酸钙含量测定

采用X射线衍射技术,初步研究了网纹藤壶(Balanus reticulates Utinomi)壳板矿化结构特征,并采用钙黄绿素法、钙-羧酸指示剂法和铬黑T指示剂三种方法测量了来自不同海域藤壶壳板的碳酸钙含量。实验发现,网纹藤壶壳板中的矿化组织主要由方解石构成,碳酸钙微晶体排列有一定的取向,较为复杂。海口和陵水两地藤壶壳板中碳酸钙含量没有显著差异(P<0.05),最大值为93.87%,最小值90.77%。尽管三种碳酸钙含量测量法的结果没有显著性差异(P<0.05),但进一步综合分析发现钙黄绿素法测定结果最为稳定,且简单易操作,可作为首选方法。     

温度突变和非离子氨对海水和淡水养殖条件下凡纳滨对虾存活的影响

为探讨海水和淡水养殖条件下凡纳滨对虾对温度突变和非离子氨的耐受性,设置了温度突变和非离子氨胁迫2组急性实验。实验结果表明:(1)养殖条件、温度突变和时间三者交互作用对凡纳滨对虾存活率的影响不显著(P>0.05);当温度由22℃分别突变到7、12和37℃时,2种养殖条件下对虾的存活率均随突变时间的延长呈下降趋势;海水养殖对虾高、低温突变幅度均不宜超过10℃;淡水养殖对虾高温突变幅度不宜超过10℃,低温突变幅度不宜超过5℃。淡水养殖对虾对低温的适应能力低于海水养殖对虾,对高温的适应能力高于海水养殖对虾。(2)非离子氨浓度、养殖条件和胁迫时间对对虾的存活率均有显著的影响(P<0.05),且三者的交互作用显著(P<0.05);非离子氨对海水养殖对虾的96hLC50和安全浓度SC分别为1.612和0.161mg/L,对淡水养殖对虾的96hLC50和安全浓度SC分别为0.629和0.063mg/L。各时间点的LC50均是海水养殖对虾高于淡水养殖对虾。海水养殖对虾对非离子氨的耐受能力高于淡水养殖对虾。