长江口的历练——记中交上海航道勘察设计研究院有限公司总经理、全国水运工程勘察设计大师周海

正2014年,春光明媚的北京,2013年度全国水运工程勘察设计建造大师评选结果揭晓,中交上海航道勘察设计研究院有限公司总经理周海荣获全国水运工程勘察设计大师称号。从一名普通的技术员到业界领军人物,荣耀背后是历练之艰,是一名航道人多年坚持奋斗的历程。历练之旅周海的大师之路是从长江口深水航道治理工程开始的。这是一项史无前例的大型复杂河口治理工程,是     

徐曼曼辨治小儿肺炎气道黏液高分泌用药经验及数据分析

目的：分析总结徐曼曼教授治疗小儿肺炎气道黏液高分泌的临床用药经验及其组方规律。方法：收集2017年1月至2020年1月徐教授治疗小儿肺炎气道黏液高分泌的病案,将符合纳入标准的患者证型、药物等相关信息录入“中医传承辅助平台系统（V2.5）”,采用软件集成的药物频次统计、规则分析及熵聚类等数据挖掘算法,分析其治疗小儿肺炎气道黏液高分泌的用药经验。结果：共纳入168首处方,中药148味,其中使用频次≥20次的有32味,排名前5位的依次为炒苦杏仁、生石膏、陈皮、姜半夏、茯苓;通过药物之间的关联规则分析,得到使用频次≥30次的药物组合有19个,排名前5位的依次为生石膏-炒苦杏仁、黄芩-炒苦杏仁、蜜麻黄-炒苦杏仁、桔梗-炒苦杏仁、桑白皮-炒苦杏仁;通过熵层次聚类分析算法发现30个关联系数>0.02的药对、12个核心药物组合及6个新处方组合。结论：徐教授治疗小儿肺炎气道黏液高分泌以“祛痰”为基础,以“肺脾同治”为原则,分期论治,以化痰止咳类药物为核心,寒温并用、用药轻灵,辨证加入祛风、健脾、行气、补益、温化、润燥之药味,统计分析结果与专家临床辨证论治心得基本吻合。     

Natural attenuation of septic system nitrogen by anammox

On-site disposal of sewage in septic systems can lead to groundwater plumes with NO(3)(-)-N concentrations exceeding the common drinking water limit of 10 mg/L. Currently, denitrification is considered as the principal natural attenuation process. However, at a large seasonal-use septic system in Ontario (256 campsites), a suboxic zone exists where nitrogen removal of up to 80% occurs including removal of NH(4)(+)-N. This zone has both NO(3)(-)-N and NH(4)(+)-N at >5 mg/L each. In the distal NH(4)(+)-rich zone, NH(4)(+)-N concentrations (8.1 ± 8.0 mg/L) are lower than in the proximal zone (48 ± 36 mg/L) and NH(4)(+)-N is isotopically enriched (concentration-weighted mean δ(15)N of +15.7‰) compared to the proximal zone (+7.8‰). Furthermore, δ(15)N-NH(4)(+) isotopic enrichment increases with depth in the distal zone, which is opposite to what would result if nitrification along the water table zone was the mechanism causing NH(4)(+) depletion. Bacterial community composition was assessed with molecular (DNA-based) analysis and demonstrated that groundwater bacterial populations were predominantly composed of bacteria from two Candidatus genera of the Planctomycetales (Brocadia and Jettenia). Together, these data provide strong evidence that anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) plays an important role in nitrogen attenuation at this site.     

Oil spill treatment products approval: the UK approach and potential application to the Gulf region

The environmental threat from oil spills remains significant across the globe and particularly in regions of high oil production and transport such as the Gulf. The ultimate damage caused can be limited by mitigation actions that responders deploy. The responsible and appropriate use of oil spill treatment products (e.g. dispersants, sorbents etc.) can offer response options that can result in substantial net environmental benefit. However, the approval and choice of what products to use needs careful consideration. The United Kingdom has had in place a statutory approval scheme for oil spill treatment products for 30 years. It is based on measures of efficiency and environmental acceptability. Two toxicity tests form an integral part of the assessment, the Sea test and the Rocky Shore test, and work on the premise that approved products will not make the situation significantly worse when added to spilled oil. This paper outlines the UK approach and how its rationale might be applied to the approval of products specific for the Gulf region. Issues such as species choice, higher temperatures and salinity and regional environmental conditions are considered.     

Is it possible to assess the ecological status of highly stressed natural estuarine environments using macroinvertebrates indices?

Several biotic indices have been proposed for the assessment of the ecological status of benthic macroinvertebrates in marine waters, although none have been generally accepted. When it comes to assessing highly stressed natural environments, such as estuaries, the controversy and uncertainty is much higher than for any given normal index. In this article, we test the behavior and suitability of different biotic indices proposed under the perspective of the Water Framework Directive (S, H, AMBI, M-AMBI, BQI, W-statistic, Taxonomic distinctness) for the assessment of estuaries in northern Spain. The low species richness and dominance of a few tolerant species in the characteristic community of these estuaries presented a challenge to the application of the biotic indices tested. Combined approaches that integrate different aspects of water quality and ecosystem functionality could increase the reliability of the ecological assessment of these transitional waters.     

利用新一代多普勒雷达产品判别重庆市人工增雨作业指标

本文用统计学的方法,主要利用重庆市S波段新一代多普勒雷达产品按照层状云、对流云、积层混合云三类降水型将2009年8月-2010年8月的有效降水过程进行分类,并分析不同降水类型的雷达回波特征参数,初步得出重庆地区人工增雨雷达回波指标.结论显示,重庆地区人工增雨作业指标为:层状云回波强度≥23 dBz、回波顶高≥5 km、VIL特征值≥3 kg/m2;积层混合云在春秋两季回波强度≥30 dBz、回波顶高≥6 km、VIL特征值≥8 kg/m2,夏季回波强度≥35 dBz、回波顶高≥8 km、VIL特征值≥13 kg/m2;对流云春秋两季回波强度≥40 dBz、回波顶高≥8 km、VIL特征值≥13 kg/m2,夏季回波强度≥43 dBz、回波顶高≥11 km、VIL特征值≥23kg/m2.     

联合天气雷达洪水预警系统中的不确定性,可靠度和风险

洪水预报中的不确定性是由作为输入的降水观测和预报的误差所决定的。误差大小受雨量计站网密度（大多与天气雷达联合运用），降水强度和所采用的降水预报方法的影响。在不更颠南部，采用一种经验方法来量化降水观测及预报的不确定性性，数据由两个密集的雨量计站网和天气雷达共同提供。降水不确定性对洪水预报的影响，通过在伦敦附近的泰晤士流域一个综合实验研究进行了检验。此项研究就模型和流域对洪水预报不确定性的相地影响也很