“四防”检测工作的几点思考

“防雷、防火、防静电、防爆（炸）”是现代工业社会安全管理的一大课题。气象部门一是因为雷击事件的“雷”是天气因素而与防雷有了联系;二是气象部门的从业人员绝大多数受过正规培训,业务素质较好,有从事“四防检测”的能力;三是在“有偿服务”政策的指导下,机关为增强活力,主动扩大服务面;而更重要的是“四防”安全的具体实施要有人管起来。1996年,宝鸡市公安局、宝鸡市气象局联合行文,对市属十二个县区的液化气站、加油站、化工厂、油库实施“四防”安全技术检测。两年来,消灭事故隐患8起;接受“四防”安全知识培训的200人次…     

黄山山地演化与环境变迁

黄山位于安徽省南部,北纬３０°１１′,东径１１８°１１′。山体由花岗岩构成,最高峰莲花峰海拔１８６４ｍ。１９９０年列入联合国的“世界文化和自然遗产”目录。现已成为世界著名旅游点之一。本文首先对黄山花岗岩浆侵入和黄山山体的形成年代和过程进行了探讨。对黄山老第三纪和新第三纪古地貌及第四纪中山峡谷地貌的演化过程进行了系统的研究。深入研究了黄山自然环境的变化及其发育第四纪山地冰川的可能性,对李四光的“冰川遗址”论点的不确凿之处进行了详细的讨论和分析。对由寒冻风化作用,而不是冰川作用形成的奇峰巧石机制进行了简要的探讨。     

长锚索钻孔弯曲的预防与测量

简要说明了锚孔弯曲的危害,对有关规范要求和影响锚孔弯曲的基本因素进行了分析,提出了目前预防锚孔弯曲的基本技术措施及测量技术,并对我国长锚索钻孔测斜仪器的研制开发提出了建议。     

Significance of cytochrome P450 system responses and levels of bile fluorescent aromatic compounds in marine wildlife following oil spills

The relationships among cytochrome P450 induction in marine wildlife species, levels of fluorescent aromatic compounds (FAC) in their bile, the chemical composition of the inducing compounds, the significance of the exposure pathway, and any resulting injury, as a consequence of exposure to crude oil following a spill, are reviewed. Fish collected after oil spills often show increases in cytochrome P450 system activity, cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) and bile fluorescent aromatic compounds (FAC), that are correlated with exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the oil. There is also some evidence for increases in bile FAC and induction of cytochrome P450 in marine birds and mammals after oil spills. However, when observed, increases in these exposure indicators are transitory and generally decrease to background levels within one year after the exposure. Laboratory studies have shown induction of cytochrome P450 systems occurs after exposure of fish to crude oil in water, sediment or food. Most of the PAH found in crude oil (dominantly 2- and 3-ring PAH) are not strong inducers of cytochrome P450. Exposure to the 4-ring chrysenes or the photooxidized products of the PAH may account for the cytochrome P450 responses in fish collected from oil-spill sites. The contribution of non-spill background PAH, particularly combustion-derived (pyrogenic) PAH, to bile FAC and cytochrome P450 system responses can be confounding and needs to be considered when evaluating oil spill effects. The ubiquity of pyrogenic PAH makes it important to fully characterize all sources of PAH, including PAH from natural resources, e.g. retene, in oil spill studies. In addition, such parameters as species, sex, age, ambient temperature and season need to be taken into account. While increases in fish bile FAC and cytochrome P450 system responses, can together, be sensitive general indicators of PAH exposure after an oil spill, there is little unequivocal evidence to suggest a linkage to higher order biological effects, e.g. toxicity, lesions, reproductive failure.     

Studies of a contaminated brackish marsh in the Hackensack Meadowlands of northeastern New Jersey: an assessment of natural recovery

Eight-Day Swamp is known to be contaminated with heavy metals, especially mercury. Sediment cores were collected to approximately 32 cm at 17 sites on four transects and analyzed at 1 or 2 cm intervals for seven metals and organic matter. Very high metal levels were found throughout the site. Long and Morgan's "effects range-median" (ER-M) was exceeded in more than 50% of slices for all elements except As. Hg had the highest concentration relative to ER-M; median Hg concentration was 72 times its ER-M. On the marsh plain, all metals showed enrichment at 14-20 cm depth of 10-40X over surficial sediments. 137Cs analysis showed sedimentation rates ranging from 0.33 to 0.50 cm yr(-1) over the last approximately 40 yr. These rates indicate that metal contamination peaks occurred in sediments deposited in the early 1960s. Thus, newer, less contaminated sediments are burying older, more contaminated layers and peak levels of contaminants are becoming less available to benthos.     

Exposure of grass shrimp to sediments receiving highway runoff: Effects on reproduction and DNA

A grass shrimp bioassay was carried out on sediments from three estuarine stations which were different distances from a highway storm drain. Total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were 29, 1.5 and 0.1 μg/g sediment at stations A (next to drain), B (100 m from drain) and C (500 m from drain), respectively. Lower embryo production and embryo hatching rates and a higher level of DNA strand breaks (comet assay) were observed in grass shrimp exposed to stations A and B sediments. There appeared to be an association between reproduction abnormalities and increased DNA strand breaks as a result of grass shrimp exposure to estuarine sediments receiving highway runoff.     

江淮流域持续性强降水过程的多尺度物理模型

本文对江淮流域持续性暴雨事件（PHREs）的多尺度物理模型和能量转换特征以及青藏高原东部对流系统东移影响下游地区降水的研究成果进行了总结。从欧亚大陆Rossby波列能量频散的角度揭示了江淮流域PHREs中纬度系统槽脊稳定的机制,定量分析了冷暖空气的源地和输送路径,提出了江南型和江北型PHREs的多尺度物理模型。从天气尺度和次天气尺度之间的能量转换角度呈现了不同尺度系统相互作用的物理图像,指出背景场的能量供给是直接触发暴雨的次天气尺度系统维持的最重要因子,尤其是在对流层的低层,动能的降尺度级串（即能量由背景场传递给次天气尺度系统）最强。研究表明青藏高原东部对流系统东移影响江淮流域的降水是一系列天气系统配合和活跃的结果,主要由青藏高原和四川盆地、二级地形和东部平原之间的热力环流、西南涡、二级地形以东中尺度涡旋和对流系统的共同影响。除了本文总结的内容,还有一些影响PHREs的因子值得深入研究,多尺度相互作用中的Rossby波源及其波列如何影响天气系统,中尺度系统对其背景场的能量反馈等。     

暗纹东方鲀生长性状相关微卫星标记筛选

为了筛选与暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu obscurus)生长相关的分子标记,作者采用SSR结合BSA技术对同龄孵化群体的同池养殖暗纹东方鲀生长差异性状标记进行筛选。利用85对微卫星引物对暗纹东方鲀生长快、慢各30尾个体构建的两个基因池进行分析,共筛选到14个差异位点。然后分析这14个差异微卫星位点在这60个暗纹东方鲀个体中的基因型差异,结果表明:位点TOP03、TOG01、fms15、fms75与生长性状呈现极显著负相关关系(P0.01),fms89与生长性状呈现极显著正相关关系(P0.01)。用另外30个个体(生长快慢各15个)进行验证实验后,结果只有位点fms15、fms75与生长性状显著相关,相关系数分别为–0.411和–0.384。这两个微卫星位点对于暗纹东方鲀生长性状有显著效应,为开展暗纹东方鲀的分子标记辅助育种提供了有价值的参考标记。