潜孔锤钻进岩石的可钻性

岩石可钻性可通过分析它的矿物成分、抗压强度、晶粒尺寸和结构来获得。在不同钻进设备条件下,不同的岩石材料特征有不同的结果。硬岩破碎通常需要大的冲击能量以及扭矩;研磨性岩石导致钻头钢体、接头和活塞套磨耗较大和使用寿命减少。     

Biomarker responses in pelagic and benthic fish over 1 year following the Hebei Spirit oil spill (Taean, Korea)

After the Hebei Spirit oil spill incident (7th December, 2007) in the west coast of Korea, contamination of biliary PAH metabolite and hepatic biomarkers in a pelagic and a benthic fish was monitored for 1 year. Concentrations of 16 PAHs and alkylated PAHs in fish muscle were highest (22.0 ng/g d.w. for 16 PAHs and 284 ng/g d.w. for alkylated PAHs) at 5 days after the spill and then decreased rapidly to background levels at 11 months after the spill. Fish from the oiled site had elevated biliary PAH metabolite concentrations immediately after the spill; these declined steadily in both species, but were still above reference site concentrations 2 months after the spill. Oiled-site fish showed hepatic CYP 1A induction whose trend closely followed those of biliary PAH metabolite concentrations, implying continuous exposure to PAHs. Brain acetylcholinesterase activity was not related to oil exposure.     

Linear Free Energy Relationships for Metal-Ligand Complexation: Bidentate Binding to Negatively-Charged Oxygen Donor Atoms

Stability constants for metal complexation to bidentate ligands containing negatively-charged oxygen donor atoms can be estimated from the following linear free energy relationship (LFER): log K_ML = χ_OO(α_O log K_HL,1 + α_O log K_HL,2) where K_ML is the metal-ligand stability constant for a 1:1 complex, K_HL,1 and K_HL,2 are the proton-ligand stability constants (the ligand pK_a values), and α_O is the Irving-Rossotti slope. The parameter χ_OO is metal specific and has slightly different values for five and six membered chelate rings. LFERs are presented for 21 different metal ions and are accurate to within approximately 0.30 log units in predictions of log K_ML values. Ligands selected for use in LFER development include dicarboxylic acids, carboxyphenols, and ortho-diphenols. For ortho-hydroxybenzaldehydes, α-hydroxycarboxylic acids, and α-ketocarboxylic acids, a modification of the LFER where log K_HL,2 is set equal to zero is required. The chemical interpretation of χ_OO is that it accounts for the extra stability afforded to metal complexes by the chelate effect. Cu-NOM binding constants calculated from the bidentate LFERs are similar in magnitude to those used in WHAM 6. This LFER can be used to make log K_ML predictions for small organic molecules. Since natural organic matter (NOM) contains many of the same functional groups (i.e. carboxylic acids, phenols, alcohols), the LFER log K_ML predictions shed light on the range of appropriate values for use in modeling metal partitioning in natural systems.     

Thermal treatment as a method to control transfers of invasive biofouling species via vessel sea chests

This study examined the efficacy of heated seawater for the treatment and remediation of fouled vessel sea chest habitats. In laboratory trials, three temperature regimes (37.5°C for 60 min, 40°C for 30min and 42.5°C for 20 min) were tested on a range of temperate taxa commonly found in sea chests. Field validation trials further assessed the efficacy of heat treatment within a replica sea chest environment. During laboratory trials, 100% mortality was achieved across all three treatments for the majority of taxa; the exceptions being the barnacle Elminius modestus and the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Temperature tolerance limits observed in the laboratory were successfully replicated under simulated sea chest conditions; however, a failure to achieve even heat distribution was an obstacle to achieving uniform mortality. This study provides guidance on the temperature/exposure parameters required for vessels plying temperate latitudes, and demonstrates that heated seawater has potential for controlling biofouling in vessel sea chests.     

积极采用先进技术，提高地矿部门钻探生产水平

针对当前地矿部门地质岩心钻探生产技术水平现状，经过分析对比，为进一步提高地矿部门地质岩心钻探生产水平，提出了推广３项主要先进技术的建议。     

黄山山地演化与环境变迁

黄山位于安徽省南部,北纬３０°１１′,东径１１８°１１′。山体由花岗岩构成,最高峰莲花峰海拔１８６４ｍ。１９９０年列入联合国的“世界文化和自然遗产”目录。现已成为世界著名旅游点之一。本文首先对黄山花岗岩浆侵入和黄山山体的形成年代和过程进行了探讨。对黄山老第三纪和新第三纪古地貌及第四纪中山峡谷地貌的演化过程进行了系统的研究。深入研究了黄山自然环境的变化及其发育第四纪山地冰川的可能性,对李四光的“冰川遗址”论点的不确凿之处进行了详细的讨论和分析。对由寒冻风化作用,而不是冰川作用形成的奇峰巧石机制进行了简要的探讨。     

Significance of cytochrome P450 system responses and levels of bile fluorescent aromatic compounds in marine wildlife following oil spills

The relationships among cytochrome P450 induction in marine wildlife species, levels of fluorescent aromatic compounds (FAC) in their bile, the chemical composition of the inducing compounds, the significance of the exposure pathway, and any resulting injury, as a consequence of exposure to crude oil following a spill, are reviewed. Fish collected after oil spills often show increases in cytochrome P450 system activity, cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) and bile fluorescent aromatic compounds (FAC), that are correlated with exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the oil. There is also some evidence for increases in bile FAC and induction of cytochrome P450 in marine birds and mammals after oil spills. However, when observed, increases in these exposure indicators are transitory and generally decrease to background levels within one year after the exposure. Laboratory studies have shown induction of cytochrome P450 systems occurs after exposure of fish to crude oil in water, sediment or food. Most of the PAH found in crude oil (dominantly 2- and 3-ring PAH) are not strong inducers of cytochrome P450. Exposure to the 4-ring chrysenes or the photooxidized products of the PAH may account for the cytochrome P450 responses in fish collected from oil-spill sites. The contribution of non-spill background PAH, particularly combustion-derived (pyrogenic) PAH, to bile FAC and cytochrome P450 system responses can be confounding and needs to be considered when evaluating oil spill effects. The ubiquity of pyrogenic PAH makes it important to fully characterize all sources of PAH, including PAH from natural resources, e.g. retene, in oil spill studies. In addition, such parameters as species, sex, age, ambient temperature and season need to be taken into account. While increases in fish bile FAC and cytochrome P450 system responses, can together, be sensitive general indicators of PAH exposure after an oil spill, there is little unequivocal evidence to suggest a linkage to higher order biological effects, e.g. toxicity, lesions, reproductive failure.     

Studies of a contaminated brackish marsh in the Hackensack Meadowlands of northeastern New Jersey: an assessment of natural recovery

Eight-Day Swamp is known to be contaminated with heavy metals, especially mercury. Sediment cores were collected to approximately 32 cm at 17 sites on four transects and analyzed at 1 or 2 cm intervals for seven metals and organic matter. Very high metal levels were found throughout the site. Long and Morgan's "effects range-median" (ER-M) was exceeded in more than 50% of slices for all elements except As. Hg had the highest concentration relative to ER-M; median Hg concentration was 72 times its ER-M. On the marsh plain, all metals showed enrichment at 14-20 cm depth of 10-40X over surficial sediments. 137Cs analysis showed sedimentation rates ranging from 0.33 to 0.50 cm yr(-1) over the last approximately 40 yr. These rates indicate that metal contamination peaks occurred in sediments deposited in the early 1960s. Thus, newer, less contaminated sediments are burying older, more contaminated layers and peak levels of contaminants are becoming less available to benthos.