利用天然地震观测探测秦岭及周边地区地壳和岩石圈详细结构

秦岭及周边地区(图1)位于我国版图的中心,不但包括了我国三大主要构造单元(扬子地体、华北地体和青藏高原)的交汇部位和我国两大造山带(中央造山带与南北构造带)的交汇部位,也包括了华北地震带与南北地震带交汇部位,因此,该区域的研究是理解中国大陆内部的历史构造演化和现今构造活动和地震活动的关键区域.     

Predicting summer hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico: redux

We report on the evolution and accuracy of a model used to predict the mid-summer area of hypoxia (oxygen ≤2 mg l(-1)) in the northern Gulf of Mexico, use it to test for impacts from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (2010), and estimate the N loading that would meet a management goal. The prediction since 2000 were 100%±6% (μ±1 SE) of the actual value. The predicted in 2010 was 99% of that actual value, suggesting that the net effect of the 2010 oil spill on the hypoxic zone size was negligible. A tropical storm, however, may have reduced the potential size of the hypoxic zone. Lowering the May nitrogen load to about 70,000 mton N nitrate+nitrite would bring the model's predicted hypoxic zone size down to the management goal of 5000 km(2) and restore hypoxic waters to normoxic conditions.     

中国北方宁南盆地古近纪晚期咸化湖盆演化及其区域地质意义

本文以宁南盆地北部的贺家口子清水营组剖面为研究目标,对古近纪晚期清水营组的岩性特征、石膏主元素地球化学特征和泥岩有机地球化学特征进行研究,结果表明:清水营组岩性以灰绿-紫红色泥岩、石膏及二者互层为主,可划分为8个二级沉积旋回和3个一级沉积旋回。石膏中CaO含量反映了咸化湖盆中石膏的化学沉积作用,Al_2O_3等为陆源碎屑来源,清水营组下段为盐湖深水环境沉积的纯净石膏;中段石膏沉积的水体较浅。清水营组下段地层泥岩TOC和生烃潜量(S_1+S_2)较高,说明在咸化湖盆演化早期气候较湿润、水体较深;而泥岩降解潜力相对小,反映有机质以高等植物来源为主,陆源输入较多。在此研究基础上,认为宁南盆地清水营组沉积包括:蒸发岩的沉积和碎屑岩的沉积;咸化湖盆演化尚未达到钾盐等盐岩沉淀的高浓缩阶段。咸化湖盆演化主要经历了早期封闭深水盐湖发育阶段、中期封闭浅水盐湖鼎盛阶段和晚期开阔浅水盐湖消亡阶段。宁南盆地古近纪晚期咸化湖盆演化与盆地的持续构造沉降和各次级沉积坳陷最终连为统一的湖泊这一重大区域沉积事件有明显的响应关系。     

中国侏罗纪构造变革与燕山运动新诠释

随着一系列新构造观察资料和高精度同位素测年数据的累积,加深了对发生在中国东部晚侏罗世—早白垩世时期构造变革事件的认识,对燕山运动的性质、时限和动力学内涵有了新的诠释。中—晚侏罗世初期(165±5Ma)东亚多板块拼贴运动学发生重大调整,构造体制发生重大转换,启动了以中朝地块为中心、来自北、东、南西不同板块向东亚大陆"多向汇聚"的构造新体制,形成以陆内俯冲和陆内造山为特征的东亚汇聚构造体系。同时大陆地壳岩石圈发生显著增厚,并紧随早白垩世以剧烈的大陆岩石圈伸展和火山—岩浆活动为特征的岩石圈巨量减薄和克拉通破坏,导致燕辽生物群灭绝和热河生物群兴盛的重大生物群更替,成为中国大陆和东亚重大构造变革事件,这是燕山运动的基本内涵。本文依据燕山运动构造变形型式、动力学背景以及产生的深部过程,将"燕山运动"定义为起始于165±5Ma的"东亚多向汇聚"构造体制及其形成的广泛陆内造山和构造变革,并将中国东部岩石圈巨量减薄视作燕山期陆内造山和陆内变形的后效。     

黑龙江省伊春-延寿地槽褶皱系成矿特征分析

黑龙江伊春-延寿地槽褶皱系构造复杂,岩浆活动具多期性,成矿作用与岩浆岩关系密切,形成了与加里东期、印支期、燕山期侵入岩（火山岩）有关的金及多金属矿床,矿床类型属交代热液型矿床.研究区处于闭合边缘的岛弧或活动陆缘构造环境,与成矿有关的岩浆岩具高酸高钾特征.古元古界东风山群、古生界西林群、二叠系土门岭组、白垩系板子房组、甘河组、光华组火山岩为成矿提供了矿源.     

A retrospective analysis of trace metals, C, N and diatom remnants in sediments from the Mississippi River delta shelf

The development of oil and gas recovery offshore of the Mississippi River delta began in shallow water in the 1950s, expanded into deeper waters, and peaked in the 1990s. This area of the outer continental shelf (OCS) is the historical and present location of >90% of all US OCS oil and gas production and reserves. The juxtaposition of its 4000 producing platforms, recovering $10 billion yr(-1) of oil, gas and produced water in the same area where about 28% of the US fisheries catch (by weight) is made and near 40% of the US coastal wetlands, makes this an area worth monitoring for regional pollutant loading. This loading may come from several sources, including sources related to OCS development, but also from the Mississippi River watershed. In this context, any contaminant loading on this shelf may be neither detectable nor significant against a background of climatic or biological variability. We examined the sedimentary record for indicators of industrial byproducts from OCS oil and gas development and of industrial products entering via the Mississippi River, primarily using vanadium (V) and barium (Ba) concentrations normalized for aluminum (Al). Barium is primarily used in drilling muds in the form of barite, whereas V is an important strengthening component of metal alloys, including steel. The fluctuations in the accumulation of Ba, but not V, were coincidental with the presumed use of barite. The fluctuations in V concentration in the sediments were coincidental with the national consumption of V. Copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) concentrations in sediments fluctuate coincidentally with V, not Ba, thus indicating that the dominant source of these trace metals in offshore sediments were derived from riverine sources, and were not primarily from in situ industrial processes releasing them on the shelf. This is not to suggest that local site-specific contamination is not a significant management or health concern. The low oxygen (hypoxia; < or = 2 mg l(-1)) zone that consistently covers much of this continental shelf's bottom layer in summer is attributed to nitrate loading from the Mississippi River. Increased nitrogen loading from river to shelf stimulates diatom production whose loading to the bottom layer and subsequent metabolism results in oxygen being depleted faster than it is replaced. In the last two decades there has been an increased accumulation of organic matter in sediments near the mouth of the Mississippi River. This coupling between river water, surface water and bottom water has recently expanded westward of the Atchafalaya River delta towards the Texas coast. The accumulation of biogenic silica (BSi) and carbon in dated sediments is coincidental with variations in riverine nitrate flux, but not with either V or Ba accumulation rates. These analyses indicate that both OCS development and riverine sources exert strong influences on the sediment constituents offshore, and that these influences may be independent of one another.     

An isotopic biogeochemical study of Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian sediments from the Centralian Superbasin, Australia

Organic matter from Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian sediments of the Amadeus and Officer basins of the Centralian Superbasin, Australia, has been studied for biomarker distributions and the carbon isotopic compositions of kerogen and individual hydrocarbons. These sediments represent both shallow and deep water marine facies in the older sections and marine and saline lacustrine carbonate deposits in the Cambrian. Hydrocarbon biomarker patterns were found to be quite consistent with the known sedimentary environments and provide valuable insights into the biogeochemical changes which accompanied the transition from a microbially-dominated ocean to the early stages of metazoan radiation. In particular, carbon isotopic data for n-alkyl and isoprenoid lipids presented here, and in earlier studies, showed a reversal in carbon isotopic ordering between the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic. By comparison with the delta 13C of kerogen, n-alkyl lipids from deep-water Proterozoic sediments were enriched in 13C and appear to be derived mainly from heterotrophs whilst open marine Phanerozoic counterparts are 13C depleted and evidently derived mainly from autotrophs. Data from the samples studied here are consistent with a model invoking a change in the redox structure of the ocean, possibly aided by the innovation of faecal pellets.     

西秦岭寨上金矿地质-地球化学特征及成因探讨

西秦岭寨上金矿床分为南北两个矿带,受控于背斜构造的两翼,矿体呈板状,透镜状;主要的金属矿物有黄铁矿、毒砂、黝铜矿、辉锑矿、方铅矿.成矿期分沉积-成岩期、构造作用-热液叠加成矿期和表生氧化期;成矿流体属于中-低温、低盐度、低密度流体,压力集中在40～70 MPa,成矿平均深度为5.73 km.流体包裹体气相成分以H2O和CO2为主,含N2,CH4,C2H2,C2H6,CO等;流体液相成分中,阳离子以Na+和Ca2+为主,阴离子以Cl-,SO2-4为主,NO-3和F-次之.流体体系属Ca2+-Na+-Cl--SO2-4型.印支-燕山期花岗岩岩浆上升侵位,深部流体沿深大断裂上移,与围岩发生物质交换,萃取了泥盆系、二叠系中的成矿元素,形成含矿流体,并在构造动力和热动力的驱动下,运移到构造有利部位,由于物理化学条件的变化使流体沸腾,金矿物沉淀成矿.     

An isotopic biogeochemical study of the Green River oil shale

Thirty-five different samples from three different sulfur cycles were examined in this stratigraphically oriented study of the Shell 22x-l well (U.S.G.S. C177 core) in the Piceance Basin, Colorado. Carbon isotopic compositions of constituents of Green River bitumens indicate mixing of three main components: products of primary photoautotrophs and their immediate consumers (delta approximately -30% vs PDB), products of methanotrophic bacteria (delta approximately -85%), and products of unknown bacteria (delta approximately -40%). For individual compounds synthesized by primary producers, delta-values ranged from -28 to -32%. 13C contents of individual primary products (beta-carotane, steranes, acyclic isoprenoids, tricyclic triterpenoids) were not closely correlated, suggesting diverse origins for these materials. 13C contents of numerous hopanoids were inversely related to sulfur abundance, indicating that they derived both from methanotrophs and from other bacteria, with abundances of methanotrophs depressed when sulfur was plentiful in the paleoenvironment. gamma-Cerane coeluted with 3 beta(CH3),17 alpha(H),21 beta(H)-hopane, but delta-values could be determined after deconvolution. gamma-Cerane (delta approximately -25%) probably derives from a eukaryotic heterotroph grazing on primary materials, the latter compound (delta approximately -90%) must derive from methanotrophic organisms. 13C contents of n-alkanes in bitumen differed markedly from those of paraffins generated pyrolytically. Isotopic and quantitative relationships suggest that alkanes released by pyrolysis derived from a resistant biopolymer of eukaryotic origin and that this was a dominant constituent of total organic carbon.