宇宙探索与钻探技术

钻探技术已成为人类探索宇宙的首批技术之一。以月球钻探为例,论述了外星球钻探的特点和难点;介绍了美国、前苏联钻探专家与航天专家合作研制的轻便、高可靠性、全自动月表取样钻机及其钻进工艺的现状;分析了各种钻进方案的优缺点;结合我国将要实施的“嫦娥3期”工程,就月球自动采样并返回技术提出了设想。     

DIAGNOSIS OF WAVE ACTIVITY OVER RAINBAND OF LANDFALL TYPHOON

A generalized wave-activity density, which is defined as an absolute value of production ofthree-dimensional vorticity vector perturbation and gradient of general potential temperature perturbation,is introduced and its wave-activity law is derived in Cartesian coordinates. Constructed in an agoestrophicand nonhydrostatic dynamical framework, the generalized wave-activity law may be applicable to diagnosemesoscale weather systems leading to heavy rainfall. The generalized wave-activity density andwave-activity flux divergence were calculated with the objective analysis data to investigate the characterof wave activity over heavy-rainfall regions. The primary dynamical processes responsible for disturbanceassociated with heavy rainfall were also analyzed. It was shown that the generalized wave-activity densitywas closely correlated to the observed 6-h accumulative rainfall. This indicated that the wave activity ordisturbance was evident over the frontal and landfall-typhoon heavy-rainfall regions in middle and lowertroposphere. For the landfall-typhoon rainband, the portion of generalized wave-activity flux divergence,denoting the interaction between the basic-state cyclonic circulation of landfall typhoon and mesoscalewaves, was the primary dynamic process responsible for the evolution of generalized wave-activity density.     

浅层地温能开发利用中的关键问题研究

浅层地温能是一种可再生的新型环保能源,开发利用前景广阔。为了更好地满足我国浅层地温能开发利用快速发展的需要,有必要研究浅层地温能资源科学开发利用中的关键问题。研究表明：开展浅层地温能勘查评价工作十分必要、十分紧迫;应超前关注浅层地温能开发利用对地质环境的影响;浅层地温能开发利用的积极性明显受经济成本与效益制约;需要通过政策支持推动浅层地温能开发利用快速发展;需要提高全社会对浅层地温能资源的认知程度。     

昭阳煤矿矿山地质环境影响评估及监测建议

通过对山东省昭阳煤矿地层、构造、岩浆岩、水文地质等矿山地质环境特征的分析,从采矿塌陷、地下水环境变化、地形地貌变化及土壤环境变化等方面出发,依据矿山地质环境监测数据规程,开展了矿区地质环境现状评估及预测评估,确定了监测范围与监测级别,提出了建设采矿塌陷监测点36个、地下水环境监测点5个、地表水环境监测点7个及土壤环境监测点3个的合理化建议,为开展矿山地质环境监测,实施矿山地质环境保护,促进矿区生态文明建设提供了重要参考依据。     

山东省邹平火山岩盆地北西部覆盖区找矿潜力分析

为了合理有效地勘查开发邹平火山岩盆地的铜矿资源,从2004年开始,在该区开展了地质调查工作,在北部第四系覆盖区重点部署了物探调查工作。从基本特征、成矿地质条件、地球物理场等方面,与地质特征相似的已知矿床进行类比、预测,认为邹平火山岩盆地北西部第四系覆盖区地球物理异常具有磁异常低、电阻率低、极化率高、重力场低的特征。并圈定出异常叠合区,认为该区找矿潜力大,成矿远景良好,目标矿种为铜矿及多金属矿。     

光卤石完全淋滤溶解过程中Br,Rb分配变化研究

在25℃恒温条件下对光卤石完全淋滤分解过程中Br,Rb重新分配的规律进行研究,目的在于研究由光卤石淋滤去除氯化镁生成钾石盐中Br,Rb的分布特征.结果表明:原矿石中77.25%的Br和71.57%Rb进入液相,22.75%的Br和18.43%的Rb进入固相,可见,大部分的Br,Rb以离子的形式进入液相;约五分之一的Br,Rb以类质同像形式赋存于固相中;分解完后固相为钾石盐和石盐的混合盐.利用OAH为浮选剂,通过浮选分离得到钾石盐、石盐两相,说明Rb基本上富集在钾石盐中,石盐中的Rb舍量很低,甚至检测不到,90.82%Br存在于石盐中,不足10%的Br存在于钾石盐中.这种光卤石淋滤分解去除氯化镁后,石盐中高溴低铷、钾石盐中低溴高铷的特征,对于认识由光卤石淋滤去除氯化镁形成钾石盐的钾盐矿床具有一定的指示意义.     

基于信息扩散理论的重庆北碚降水风险分析

为了解北碚地区的降水风险规律,减少地区旱涝引起的灾害损失.利用北碚区地面气象观测站的年降水观测资料（1981～2010年）,结合信息扩散理论模型,分析北碚地区的降水风险及成因.结果显示：（1）北碚地区降水的概率曲线为单峰型,峰值在1000～1100mm,夏季降水量离散程度比春、秋两季高,存在明显的旱季或涝季.（2）汛期降水量和年降水量的概率分布曲线趋势基本一致,也存在一些差异.（3）降水日分布特征显示雨量从21时开始增加,03时累积雨量为最大值,20时达到最低水平;降水频次从21时开始逐渐增加,并在08时达到最大.在暴雨小时降水量中5mm/h以下的降水次数最多,约占总次数的41％.     

基于改进的经验模态分解和SSA联合算法的GPS坐标时间序列重构

基于ICEEMDAN算法无需先验信息即可准确分离和提取低频信号与趋势信息的特性,以及SSA具有较好的信号重构优势,提出基于ICEEMDAN和SSA的联合重构方法。该方法将弱周期信号利用ICEEMDAN方法进行提取与重构,可弥补SSA方法中当弱周期信号对应的Hankel矩阵的奇异值和噪声Hankel矩阵的奇异值接近时容易被噪声掩盖而难以提取的不足。通过模拟实验和真实站点数据验证该算法分解和重构精度,并与奇异谱分析法、小波分解法、滑动最小二乘法进行比较。实验结果表明,ICEEMDAN-SSA联合算法相对于已有方法具有更好的重构精度。     

苍峄铁矿带成矿控矿规律及成矿模式探讨

山东省苍峄地区铁矿资源丰富,是典型的"鞍山式"铁矿成矿区。先后发现和评价了多处大中型铁矿床。该文在介绍苍峄铁矿带成矿地质特征基础上,将其分为5个含矿带,矿体赋存于泰山岩群山草峪组中上部,严格受山草峪组地层控制,展布形态受太白向斜和石闫背斜两褶皱构造的控制,断层构造破坏了赋矿构造及矿体的连续性,间接控制了铁矿体的赋存和分布。原岩建造为基性火山岩-中酸性火山岩-粉砂岩-硅铁质建造,属火山活动间歇期成矿。分析认为成矿物质来源与海底火山活动密切相关,遭受后期变质作用后成矿物质富集,为沉积变质铁矿床产于以黑云变粒岩为主并夹有角闪质岩石等岩层的铁矿,铁矿沉积后,受后期强烈构造-热液改造叠加,矿体形态以似层状、透镜状为主。向斜构造是矿体富集保存的最佳构造模式,接近向斜核部矿体厚度增大,品位也有增高趋势。     

Carbon storage of the forest and its spatial pattern in Tibet,China

The raising concentration of atmospheric CO_2 resulted in global warming. The forest ecosystem in Tibet played an irreplaceable role in maintaining global carbon balance and mitigating climate change for its abundant original forest resources with powerful action of carbon sink. In the present study, the samples of soil and vegetation were collected at a total of 137 sites from 2001 to 2018 in Tibet. Based on the field survey of Tibet's forest resources and 8~(th) forest inventory data, we estimated the carbon storage and carbon density of forest vegetation(tree layer, shrub, grass, litter and dead wood) and soil(0-50 cm) in Tibet. Geostatistical methods combined with Kriging spatial interpolation and Moran's I were applied to reveal their spatial distribution patterns and variation characteristics. The carbon density of forest vegetation and soil in Tibet were 74.57 t ha~(-1) and 96.24 t ha~(-1), respectively. The carbon storage of forest vegetation and soil in Tibet were 344.35 Tg C and 440.53 Tg C, respectively. Carbon density of fir(Abies forest) was 144.80 t ha~(-1) with the highest value among all the forest types. Carbon storage of spruce(Picea forest) was the highest with 99.09 Tg C compared with other forest types. The carbon density of fir forest and spruce forest both increased with the rising temperature and precipitation. Temperature was the main influential factor. The spatial distribution of carbon density of forest vegetation, soil, and ecosystem in Tibet generally showed declining trends from western Tibet to eastern Tibet. Our results facilitated the understanding of the carbon sequestration role of forest ecosystem in the Tibet. It also implied that as the carbon storage potential of Tibet's forests are expected to increase, these forests are likely to serve as huge carbon sinks in the current era of global warming and climate change.