京津唐地区城市扩张对地表蒸散发的影响

以京津唐地区为例,基于SEBS模型,利用MODIS遥感数据和气象数据,计算了2000、2005和2010年四季代表月份的平均日蒸散发量,并结合3期土地利用图,定量评估了由城市扩张引起的日蒸散发量的变化。结果表明,不同土地利用类型的日蒸散发量在不同季节表现出不同的分布规律,春、夏和秋季的日蒸散发量分布规律为水域>林地>草地>耕地>城市用地,冬季的日蒸散发量在三年的分布不一致:2000年为林地>草地>水域>城市用地>耕地,2005年为水域>林地>草地>耕地>城市用地,2010年为林地>水域>草地>城市用地>耕地。以研究区土地利用变化不明显的区域为背景区域,评估了除土地利用/覆被变化外的其他因素对京津唐地区夏季日蒸散发的影响。除去该影响后得出土地利用/覆被变化,对日蒸散发的影响,结果表明,各土地利用类型转化为城市用地会使日蒸散发降低,且水域转化成城市用地后,其日蒸散发量降低最多,2000-2005年降低了0.977mm,2000-2010年其降低值为0.983mm。     

观测天体光谱的纤维光学方法及2.16m望远镜实用系统

本文描述了近年来广泛发展起来的天体物理实测技术中的一项重要进展——纤维光学分光技术方法在天体光谱观测中的应用及2.16m望远镜实用系统的特点和初步应用结果     

区域地理环境因素对中国流感发病的影响分析

为研究中国流感发病率的时空分布规律及区域地理环境因素对流感发病的影响,通过统计分析得到中国流感发病的时间规律以及运用空间自相关分析法得到中国流感发病的空间分布特点;应用地理探测器模型、Spearman相关分析得到与流感发病相关的区域地理环境因素;根据各区域地理环境因素和流感发病率所构建的GWR模型,得到局部回归系数在中国范围内的分布特征。结果显示：以12月、1月为代表的冬季和以3月为代表的春季在同年表现出流感高发的特征。夏季流感高发的地区集中在华南、华中地区,冬季则集中在华北、西北地区。降水量对流感的发病率影响呈现出较为明显的区域特征。中国的高纬度地区,平均气温与流感的发病率呈现负相关;低纬度地区,呈现正相关。日照时数对流感发病的影响在总体上表现为负相关。平均相对湿度与流感发病率的关系在中国的西北部地区表现为明显的负相关,而在东南部地区表现为明显正相关。     

The generation and its sealing condition of natural gas in the Tadong area

Focusing on the two natural gas exploration geological problems with abundant source of oil cracking gas in the late stage and the sealing condition of the oil cracking gas reservoir, the kinetics of oil cracking gas and the evaluation parameters of gas cap rock are adopted to the study on the natural gas accumulation conditions in the Tadong area. Both the study on the kinetics of oil cracking gas and the statistical results of reservoir bitumen reveal that the geological formation of oil cracking gas in the Tadong area is located in the top of Cambrian. Two kinds of oil cracking gas geological models at least, namely well Mandong-1’s early rapid generation model (Middle Ordovician-end Silurian) and peak cracking model (with the natural gas conversion rate >90%), namely well Yingnan-2’s two-stage generation model of oil cracking gas, have been set up. The oil cracking gas of Yingnan-2 in the late stage is very significant in the evaluation of natural gas exploration in the Tadong area. The evaluation results of the cap rock show that the microscopic parameters of cap rock from the lower assemblage of Cambrian-Ordovician are better than those from the upper assemblage. The former has strong capillary sealing ability and higher cap rock breakthrough pressure than the upper assemblage, with strong sealing ability, so that natural gas dissipates mainly by diffusion. According to the above investigations, the lower assemblage Cambrian-Ordovician natural gas of Kongquehe slope, Tadong low uplift and Yingjisu depression in the Tadong area prospects well.

     

Spillway design floods in Sweden: I. New guidelines

Abstract

The new Swedish guidelines for the estimation of design floods for dams and spillways are presented, with emphasis on high-hazard dams. The method is based on a set of regional design precipitation sequences, rescaled for basin area, season and elevation above sea level, and a full hydrological model. A reservoir operation strategy is also a fundamental component of the guidelines. The most critical combination of flood generating factors is searched by systematically inserting the design precipitation sequence into a ten year climatological record, where the initial snowpack has been replaced by a statistical 30-year snowpack. The new guidelines are applicable to single reservoir systems as well as more complex hydroelectric schemes, and cover snowmelt floods, rain floods and combinations of the two. In order to study the probabilities of the computed floods and to avoid regional inconsistencies, extensive comparisons with observed floods and frequency analyses have been carried out.     

1991 年6月江淮持续暴雨的云系特征分析

通过对GMS静止卫星的红外数据处理，获得了1991年夏季江淮梅雨期暴雨大范围的平均云分布。对1991年6月6次江淮暴雨过程逐时和3小时的GMS红外云图动画和照片的分析，得到了该地区梅雨期暴雨的三种中低纬云系相互作用的云型演变模型图，并利用由卫星气象中心处理的NOAA卫星的TOVS水汽反演资料，结合低层的θse和急流分析，给出了1991年6月江淮暴雨的水汽输送的一些特征。     

Distribution of Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes in Salt Lakes of the Qinghai—Xizang Plateau,China

The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is an area where a large number of salt lakes are distributed. We have collected several hundred samples of natural waters over the Plateau since 1976 and carried out researches on their hydrogen and oxygen isotopes. The results indicate that the^δD and δ¹⁸O values of the salt lake waters over the Plateau range from −64.1 to +12.4‰ and from −11.19 to +8.62‰, respectively. From the different types of surfaces, ground and lake waters of various salinities it is inferred that the compositions of H and O isotopes in the initial water of Qinghai Lake are^δD=−55.0‰ and {ie336-1}; and those in the original water from the lakes in northern Xizang, are^δD=−116.0‰ and {ie336-2}. Brines in the salt lakes are derived from rain water through prolonged circulation. Oilfield water also makes some contribution to the salt lakes in the Qaidam Basin. Similar slopes of evaporation lines of water isotopes are noticed for the Qinghai Lake area and northern Xizang. This is attributed to the evolution of the isotopes in these water bodies in an environment of middle latitude and high elevation.     

喀拉通克含矿岩体的微量元素与成岩构造环境

拉通克岩浆型硫化铜镍矿床产于新疆北准噶尔褶皱带，含矿岩体具有低ＴｉＯ２，高Ｋ２Ｏ，轻稀土富集以及亏损高场强元素的特征，与岛弧钙碱性玄武岩浆的微量元素特征相似，岩浆作用产生在西伯利亚板块和准噶尔板块碰撞后开始拉张环境，继承了岛弧岩浆作用的特征。     

滇西北新构造运动时期构造应力场变化特征的探讨

本文通过对滇西北地区水系分布格局、地质构造及前人研究的地震震源机制解等资料的综合分析对比指出:研究区内,主要是红河断裂带附近及以东地区,新构造时期的应力场经历了由近东西—北西—北北西向的顺时针转变过程。基本上早更新世为北西向;晚更新世中期以前的压应力方向为近东西向;中更新世以来为北北西向。水系分布格局反映的应力场与地质、地震等方面的资料所反映的应力场有较好的一致性,说明利用水系分布来研究本区的应力场是一种可取的方法。     

尕斯库勒砂西区块N1-N21油藏沉积相特征研究

通过对尕斯库勒砂西区块N1-N^12油藏Ⅺ、Ⅹ-Ⅸ、Ⅷ-Ⅵ、Ⅴ-Ⅰ油层组段沉积相特征、沉积体系展布及演化规律的综合分析，认为砂西区块N1-N^12油藏从下向上发育滨浅湖亚相、辫状河三角洲前缘．滨浅湖亚相、辫状河三角洲平原一前缘亚相，整体为一套反旋回沉积．在此基础上分析了砂西区块N1-N^12油藏沉积相与油气分布的关系．结果表明，分布于Ⅷ-Ⅵ油层组的辫状河三角洲分流河道及构造高部位的河口坝、远砂坝微相砂体为该地区的主要储集体，Ⅴ-Ⅰ油层组发育的泛滥平原微相泥岩为该区的区域性盖层．