大洋科学钻探特点与发展趋势——基于国际大洋发现计划科学框架的对比分析

大洋科学钻探计划是地球科学领域迄今为止历时最长、成效最大的国际科学合作计划。自1968年以来,先后经历了深海钻探计划、国际大洋钻探计划、综合大洋钻探计划和国际大洋发现计划4个阶段。进入国际大洋发现计划,IODP工作组两次发布科学框架,文章对两个科学框架进行了对比分析。大洋科学钻探的特点和发展趋势是坚持解决重大科学问题,由地球拓展到太阳系,重视技术和大数据,以及扩大社会影响和宣传。这给我国发起国际大科学计划提供了启示,一要注重科技创新,运用大数据等先进技术;二要加强科学管理,促进开放和共享;三要重视提升影响力,扩大宣传和影响。     

贻贝(Mytilus edulis)发育早期酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性

采用组织化学和分光光度技术对贻贝卵、胚胎和早期幼虫酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性进行了定位和定量研究,以探讨贝类早期发育过程中的免疫防御机制。组织化学显示,从卵细胞到D型面盘幼虫各个时期都呈ACP和AKP阳性,卵细胞中阳性颗粒较大且分布比较均匀,受精卵中央着色较深,卵裂期核区呈强阳性且大分裂球内阳性颗粒较多,原肠胚和担轮幼虫外层细胞阳性较强,面盘幼虫外套膜边缘膜、内脏团和面盘基部呈强阳性。生化测定ACP和AKP活力,均是卵细胞最低,随着发育酶活力逐步提高,其中ACP活力在受精后和囊胚期明显提高,囊胚期达到最高峰,其后又略有下降;AKP活力在卵裂期、担轮幼虫和面盘幼虫提高较大,面盘幼虫期酶活力最高。ACP和AKP可能在贻贝的发育早期抵抗病原生物侵染方面发挥重要作用。     

Paleoglacial and paleoclimate reconstructions during the global Last Glacial Maximum in the Longriba area,eastern Tibetan Plateau

Owing to the remoteness of the Longriba area and the lack of dating records,it is extremely challenging to reconstruct the chronology and extent of the paleoglaciers in this area.In this paper,we combined limited observational data with automated modelling for paleoglacial reconstructions.We first identified a broadly distributed paleoglacier from satellite imagery and field investigation based on the sediment-landform assemblage principle and dated it to 23.1±1.4~19.5±1.2 ka by ¹⁰Be exposure dating,corresponding to the global Last Glacial Maximum(gLGM).Then,we reconstructed the extent and ice surface of 171 paleoglaciers formed during the similar period based on geomorphological evidence and‘ice surface profile’modelling.The results showed that the paleoglacial coverage was 426.5 km2,with an ice volume of 38.1 km³,in the Longriba area.The reconstructed equilibrium line altitudes(ELAs)based on modelled ice surfaces yielded an average of 4245±66 m above sea level(asl),~725±73 m lower than the present ELA(4970±29 m asl).The temperature was~5.51-6.68℃lower,and the precipitation was~30-34%less in Longriba,during the gLGM compared to the present day.This glacial advance was mainly driven by colder climate that was synchronous with Northern Hemisphere cooling events.     

松辽盆地齐家和古龙凹陷页岩油含油性参数优选与资源量计算

松辽盆地齐家和古龙凹陷青山口组一段页岩油资源丰富.以往主要基于不完整的老岩心资料,以校正后的热解S1或氯仿沥青"A"作为含油性参数计算页岩油资源量,校正参数的准确性受样品新鲜程度、测试手段及校正方法等多种因素影响,导致上述参数的应用存在一定的局限性.根据最新页岩油勘探进展,对比分析了页岩油资源量计算的含油性参数(包括热...     

泥炭记录的帕米尔高原晚全新世温度变化研究

近年来,“全新世温度谜题”已经受到全球古气候学者的广泛关注,为了解决这一谜题,需要在全球不同区域进行更多的全新世温度重建。帕米尔高原位于亚洲内陆核心区域,目前有关帕米尔高原全新世气候变化的研究相对较少,且已有的研究主要集中于相对湿度(或降水)变化的研究,而涉及温度变化的成果则相对较少。论文首先研究了表土碳同位素与气候因子之间的相关关系,结果显示帕米尔高原的δ¹³C_org与温度正相关;进一步在 7 个AMS¹⁴C 测年数据的支持之下,基于 175 个泥炭δ¹³C_α-cellulose分析,重建了帕米尔高原过去约5000 a的温度变化历史。结果发现：帕米尔高原晚全新世以来整体呈现波动升温趋势,约5000～3600 cal a BP阶段处于缓慢降温期;约3600～200 cal a BP 处于波动升温期;驱动机制分析显示,约 3600 cal a BP 之前温度下降主要是夏季太阳辐射下降导致的,约3600 cal a BP之后温度上升是由温室气体辐射强迫增强导致的。     

丘陵地区降水诱发滑坡地质灾害的阈值分析——以巴中市恩阳区为例

利用降水阈值模型对典型丘陵地区的227个滑坡点进行降水诱发滑坡地质灾害的分析。结果表明：2009—2018年227例降水型滑坡中,降水引起当日发生2起及2起以上滑坡事件的共143起滑坡,约占总滑坡起数的63%;降水引起当日发生3起及3起以上滑坡事件的共99起,约占总滑坡起数的43%。因此,恩阳区受降水影响的滑坡事件具有群发性特征。利用降雨和滑坡数据可以获得恩阳区降水诱发滑坡的降水强度—降水历时阈值曲线和具有滑坡群发性特征的降水强度—降水历时阈值曲线。此外,当0 2时,选择群发性的降水阈值曲线进行预警,以此得到组合模型;组合模型解决了常规的滑坡降水阈值曲线对降水是否诱发滑坡的预警空报率较高,而群发性的滑坡降水阈值曲线的漏报率较高的问题。     

Influence of Mass and Radius of Ice Crystals on Hydrometeors,Internal Energy,and Kinetic Energy:A Numeric Model Study

Two cloud-scale experiments with two different ice-phase schemes were carried out for a precipitation event that occurred in eastern China in 2005.The results were analyzed to examine the influences of the change of ice-particle mass and radius on hydrometeors,internal energy,and kinetic energy,as well as the primary factors responsible.It was found that the ice content increases notably and the snow content decreases due to the change.This is the consequence of the modulation of cloud microphysical processes.In particular,the Bergeron process and the accretion of snow and cloud ice are markedly influenced.The differences of internal energy and kinetic energy between the two experiments are caused by adjustments to pressure-flux divergence,the coupling of temperature and divergence,and gravitational work,and the reason is that these three factors result in differences of local changes of internal and kinetic energy.     

On the Mechanism of a Terrain-Influenced Snow Burst Event during Midwinter in Northeast China

Short-duration snow bursts with heavy snow represent one type of hazardous weather in winter which can be easily missed by the winter weather warnings but often results in great hazards.In this paper,the mechanism for the occurrence of such events was investigated with the aid of a localized terrain-influenced snow burst event in Northeast China.The snow burst was produced by an eastward-moving cold-frontal snowband which encountered the downstream complex terrain of the Changbai Mountains and intensified.To ascertain the role of orography on the snow burst,numerical experiments,together with a parallel sensitivity experiment removing Changbai Mountains,were performed to attempt to distinguish the contributions of cold-frontal system and orographic effects to produce the heavy snow.Diagnosis showed that without the influence of Changbai Mountains,the release of conditional instability(CI)and inertial instability(II)within a weak frontogenetical environment was responsible for the snowband maintenance.Orographic effects played important roles in enhancing the snowband and increasing the snowfall intensities.The enhancement mechanism was related to the interactions of the cold-frontal snowband and the topography.On the one hand,orographic frontogenesis and persistent ascent,created by orographic gravity waves over the terrain,greatly enhanced the orographic lifting.The intensification of the lifting promoted the release of CI and thus enhanced the snowfall.On the other hand,pre-existing orographic instabilities were released due to the passing of the cold-frontal snowband,which could also serve to intensify the snowband over terrain and thus increase the snowfall.     

黑河流域土地覆盖分类数据的建立及其影响的模拟

基于黑河流域1:100000土地覆盖分布图, 融合了1:1000000植被分类图, 按照美国地质调查局(USGS)提出的土地覆盖分类标准, 合成了与全球土地覆盖类型分类标准相同的空间分辨率为1 km黑河流域土地覆盖类型分布(简称综合分类).将综合分类数据与USGS全球土地覆盖类型数据在黑河流域范围内进行对比, 发现土地覆盖类型分布变化区域主要集中在流域中游的绿洲区, 许多绿洲在全球数据中体现为草地, 在综合分类中为灌溉农田, 同时综合分类数据中较全球数据增加了许多城镇用地.利用两套土地覆盖类型分布数据对2003年黑河流域中上游大气要素进行了模拟, 比较了不同土地覆盖类型分布对气温等大气要素的影响, 结果显示, 土地覆盖参数中地表反照率和比辐射率的空间分布与近地层大气要素和土壤温、湿场分布的空间相关性高;比辐射率和粗糙度变化对局地大气、土壤要素影响较大, 绿洲区土地覆盖类型大多由草地变为灌溉农田, 导致了气温升高, 其中不排除城市化的影响, 无论从特征参数变化与大气要素模拟值变化场的空间相关性还是特征参数变化引起的气温变化的关系看, 气温变化与比辐射率变化关系较密切.在黑河流域中上游可以通过增大灌溉农田比辐射率来提高气温模拟的准确性, 这一结论还需要更多的观测与模拟的验证.