碰撞造山带的P—T—t轨迹

压力—温度—时间(P—T—t)轨迹综合了造山作用期间变质岩石遭受的压力与温度的变化。它们为解释复杂的变质历史提供了一种简便的骨架,也提供了深入探讨碰撞造山带中控制变质作用的热因素与大地构造因素的条件。P—T—t资料是由结构观察、地质温度计、地质热时测定综合获得的,并组合构成适于地质条件的P—T—t轨迹曲线。假设瞬间变形及传导热松驰的一维P—T—t模式易于构制且对于检验大地构造模式是常用的,特别是在地质年代数据可以利用时更是如此。二维模式适于更复杂的变形几何,且容许多有对流效应的介入。根据经典楔状体理论对碰撞造山带进行的分析,可以出现反映加厚、抬升、剥离和会聚间的偶合现象的P—T—t轨迹。在剥蚀速率达到构造抬升速率时,就象目前新西兰南阿尔卑斯带中所出现的情况,那么高级变质岩可以迅速由很深处剥露出来。另一方面,迅速剥露可能反映了过陡或热软化的造山带中受重力作用出现的伸展。     

加拿大苏必利尔区太古宙煌斑岩脉的成因：微量元素和Nd—Sr同位…

出露于加拿大苏必利尔罗灵河杂岩体中的含角闪石斑晶和单斜辉石斑晶的煌斑岩，具有碱性，含霞石标准矿物的玄武岩质成分（ＳｉＯ２＜５０ｗｔ％），成分变化从原始岩浆到分异岩浆［Ｍｇ／Ｍｇ＋∑Ｆｅ）＝０．６６－０．４０；Ｎｉ＝２００－３５ｐｐｍ］，岩石富含ＬＲＥＥ［Ｃｅ／Ｙｂ）ｍ＝１６－２６，Ｃｅｎ＝６０－３００；ｎ＝球粒陨石标准化］，Ｓｒ（８７０－１８００ｐｐｍ），Ｐ２Ｏ５（０．４－１．３ｗｔ％）和Ｂａ（１     

Differences in the response of a striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) and a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) to an acoustic alarm

Small cetacean bycatch in gillnet fisheries may be reduced by deterring odontocetes from nets acoustically. However, different odontocete species may respond differently to acoustic signals from alarms. Therefore, in this study a striped dolphin and a harbour porpoise were subjected simultaneously to sounds produced by the XP-10 experimental acoustic alarm. The alarm produced 0.3s tonal signals randomly selected from a set of 16 with fundamental frequencies between 9 and 15kHz, with a constant pulse interval of 4.0s (duty cycle 8%) and a Source Level range of 133-163dB re 1muPa (rms). The effect of the alarm was judged by comparing the animals' respiration rate and position relative to the alarm during test periods with those during baseline periods. As in a previous study on two porpoises with the same alarm, the porpoise in the present study reacted strongly to the alarm by swimming away from it and increasing his respiration rate. The striped dolphin, however, showed no reaction to the active alarm. Based on harbour porpoise audiograms and the specific audiogram of the striped dolphin in the present study, and the low background noise levels during the experiment, both animals must have heard the alarm signals clearly. This study indicates that cetacean species are not equally sensitive to human-made noise disturbance. Therefore, source levels of acoustic alarms should be adapted to the species they are supposed to deter. In addition, alarms should be tested on each odontocete species for which they are intended to reduce bycatch.     

Deterring effects of 8-45 kHz tone pulses on harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in a large pool

The marine aquaculture industry suffers losses due to pinniped attacks which damage net enclosures and fish stocks. Acoustic harassment devices (AHDs) emit loud sounds which are intended to deter pinnipeds from approaching aquaculture enclosures. At present, many AHDs emit sounds in the 8-20 kHz frequency range. It is not known whether sounds of higher frequencies have a deterrent effect on seals. Therefore five captive harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) were subjected to four series of tone pulses together spanning a broad frequency range (8, 16, 32 and 45 kHz). Pulse duration was 250 ms and pulse interval was 5s. Each of the four sounds was made deterrent by increasing the amplitude. The seals reacted by swimming away from the sounds. The displacement effect of each sound was judged by comparing the animals' surface positions, and number of surfacings, during ten 45 min baseline periods with ten 45 min test periods per frequency (one frequency per day in rotation, 40 sessions in total). The seals were displaced by all four frequencies throughout the 40 trial days. The seals came to the surface more often when the test tones were produced than in the baseline periods. The initial displacement distances did not change over the 40 test days. This suggests that operating AHDs for only short periods will be more effective and less likely to result in habituation by the seals than operating them continuously. The discomfort threshold sound pressure level (SPL) was established for each of the four pulse frequencies. The acoustic discomfort threshold SPL is defined as the boundary SPL between the area that the animals generally occupied during the transmission of the sounds and the area that they generally did not enter during sound transmission. The discomfort threshold SPL may depend on the context.     

从国外地调机构职能的转变看中国地调机构的发展前景

一、地调机构的产生及其规模一个国家的经济发展,离不开自然资源,而自然资源的有效开发利用需要系统的自然地理和历史的信息。十八世纪工业革命带来的通讯、交通和产业的迅猛发展增加了对未开垦的美洲、澳洲、非洲的开发呼声,为促进当地勘查业的发展,满足市场需求,必须开展地质填图以搞清矿产资源的分布,而在欧洲工业发展则要求