斜井钻井卡钻事故处理及钻井液混油后的录井

卡钻作为一种比较严重的钻井事故,会造成钻井施工遇阻和经济损失。某斜井在钻井施工中发生泥浆粘附卡钻。根据钻井现场情况,着重对其中的卡点深度及泡油量进行计算,经计算卡点深度约667 m,泡油量为32.0 m3,卡钻发生约11 h后,解卡成功。在整个卡钻事故及钻井液混油后录井中进行了系统思考和总结,提出了相应的录井措施,气测基值变化结果表明此次混油后录井的成功。该井的钻井卡钻事故及钻井液混油后录井措施以期为类似斜井卡钻事故处理提供借鉴。      

Sabella spallanzanii filter-feeding on bacterial community: ecological implications and applications

The filtration process of Sabella spallanzanii Gmelin on bacterial community was studied in a coastal area of the Northern Ionian Sea (Mediterranean Sea) at three sites, S. Vito, Lido Gandoli and Lido Silvana, where some specimens of S. spallanzanii were transplanted. Analyses were performed both on water and worm samples. A total of six microbial groups were examined: culturable heterotrophic bacteria, total culturable bacteria at 37 degrees C, culturable vibrios, total and fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci. The bacterial densities were usually orders of magnitude higher in the worm homogenates than in the corresponding seawater and the highest values were observed in August. The ability of S. spallanzanii to accumulate the microbial pollution indicators suggests this species can be employed as a bioindicator for monitoring water quality. Moreover, the accumulation capability of S. spallanzanii for specific micro-organisms provides a potential role in sewage bioremediation.     

The influence of underwater data transmission sounds on the displacement behaviour of captive harbour seals (Phoca vitulina)

To prevent grounding of ships and collisions between ships in shallow coastal waters, an underwater data collection and communication network (ACME) using underwater sounds to encode and transmit data is currently under development. Marine mammals might be affected by ACME sounds since they may use sound of a similar frequency (around 12 kHz) for communication, orientation, and prey location. If marine mammals tend to avoid the vicinity of the acoustic transmitters, they may be kept away from ecologically important areas by ACME sounds. One marine mammal species that may be affected in the North Sea is the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina). No information is available on the effects of ACME-like sounds on harbour seals, so this study was carried out as part of an environmental impact assessment program. Nine captive harbour seals were subjected to four sound types, three of which may be used in the underwater acoustic data communication network. The effect of each sound was judged by comparing the animals' location in a pool during test periods to that during baseline periods, during which no sound was produced. Each of the four sounds could be made into a deterrent by increasing its amplitude. The seals reacted by swimming away from the sound source. The sound pressure level (SPL) at the acoustic discomfort threshold was established for each of the four sounds. The acoustic discomfort threshold is defined as the boundary between the areas that the animals generally occupied during the transmission of the sounds and the areas that they generally did not enter during transmission. The SPLs at the acoustic discomfort thresholds were similar for each of the sounds (107 dB re 1 microPa). Based on this discomfort threshold SPL, discomfort zones at sea for several source levels (130-180 dB re 1 microPa) of the sounds were calculated, using a guideline sound propagation model for shallow water. The discomfort zone is defined as the area around a sound source that harbour seals are expected to avoid. The definition of the discomfort zone is based on behavioural discomfort, and does not necessarily coincide with the physical discomfort zone. Based on these results, source levels can be selected that have an acceptable effect on harbour seals in particular areas. The discomfort zone of a communication sound depends on the sound, the source level, and the propagation characteristics of the area in which the sound system is operational. The source level of the communication system should be adapted to each area (taking into account the width of a sea arm, the local sound propagation, and the importance of an area to the affected species). The discomfort zone should not coincide with ecologically important areas (for instance resting, breeding, suckling, and feeding areas), or routes between these areas.     

煤层顶板分段压裂水平井地质适应性分析与施工参数优化

煤层顶板分段压裂水平井是实现碎软低渗煤层煤层气高效抽采的有效技术.依托"十三五"国家科技重大专项课题,围绕煤层顶板分段压裂水平井煤层气高效抽采技术,采用理论分析、数值模拟等手段,对比不同地应力状态下裂缝的穿层扩展形态,研究水平井布井方位与最小水平主应力方向夹角对裂缝转向扩展的影响,分析多簇射孔条件下裂缝的竞争扩展现象....     

浅谈成人会计教学中应注意的几个问题

随着我国市场经济体制改革的深入发展,企业对会计的需求量日益增多,对会计素质要求也日益提高。会计学校能否向企业及时培养合格的会计人才,本文主要针对成人教育会计专科的实践教学进行研究与探讨,旨在建立一套适合成人业余学习并满足成人就业需求的会计专科实践课程教学体系,增强会计人员的职业能力,从而更好的适应会计行业的发展需求。     

强烈发展的中尺度涡旋影响下持续性暴雨的位涡诊断

利用高分辨率的模式输出资料,对2008年6月广西致洪暴雨及其中尺度低涡(简称广西涡)进行了等熵位涡(IPV)和湿位涡(MPV)的诊断分析。结果表明,低值等熵面上正IPV带的位置和强度可以反映暴雨的落区和强度,等熵面上的西风气流可分别将高纬度干冷和低纬度暖湿的高值IPV向广西涡处输送,使得广西涡维持高IPV。高值等熵面上南部的IPV存在下传现象,有利于其下游的广西涡IPV的增长,从而使得广西涡强烈发展、降水增强。利用MPV守恒原理的分析表明,持续性暴雨出现在高值等熵湿位涡前方的对流不稳定区中;暴雨区南北两侧对流层中高层的冷空气下沉时对流稳定性减小,对应的气旋性涡度增大;而暖湿气流沿着干冷空气爬升,它与具有强涡度的沿等熵面下滑的干冷空气发生强烈的辐合,使得涡度急剧增强,再加上地形的强迫抬升作用,形成强烈的垂直上升运动,导致涡旋强烈发展。等压面上的MPV及其分量分布显示,对流层中低层MPV负值带对雨带有指示作用,强降水时段对应着对流不稳定和条件性对称不稳定。     

江西乐平树皮煤热解生烃动力学研究

为了探讨树皮煤的生烃特征,对江西乐平树皮煤进行了3种升温速率下的Rock-Eval热解模拟实验,通过分析热解烃的产率随温度的变化,应用Optkin动力学软件对树皮煤进行热力学参数计算。结果表明:树皮煤的生烃潜力高,活化能分布范围窄,到达相应的温度后能够在短时间内大量生烃。通过与前人研究对比,认为树皮体的活化能分布受热解动力学模型、热解实验温度、升温速率、样品的纯度、成熟度等多种因素影响。     

煤层气开发井网优化设计--以新集矿区为例

以新集矿区为例,系统地研究了煤层气开发井网设计的具体内容及工作程序。根据对新集矿区煤储层地质条件分析,确定了煤层气开发的目标煤层以及布井间距设计原则;通过煤储层数值模拟的产能预测,确定了煤层气开发的井网布置样式;在产能预测的基础上,结合经济分析,优化了煤层气开发的布井间距,进而提出了新集矿区首期煤层气开发布井方案,并进行了产能预测。指出新集矿区煤层气开发应采用地面垂直井、采动区煤层气开发以及井下瓦斯抽放等多种开发方式综合并举的形式。      

北京大清河流域生态涵养区富硒土壤资源分布特征和来源解析

北京是典型的硒缺乏地理分布区,但近些年研究成果表明局部地区土壤达到富硒水平,掌握该区富硒分布特征对于开展北京地区的富硒环境研究和开发利用富硒土地资源具有重要意义。本文以北京大清河流域生态涵养区1615km~2地球化学调查数据为基础,采用原子荧光光谱(AFS)等方法测定了研究区1297件表层土壤、25组玉米及对应根系土壤和15件岩石中Se等地球化学指标;利用相关分析、多元统计分析方法,结合GIS技术,研究土壤和农作物中硒含量特征、富硒成因来源以及土壤硒与碳铁磷等其他元素的关系,评价富硒土地的安全性。结果表明:研究区土壤硒含量区间为0.055～0.465mg/kg,背景值为0.257mg/kg,呈现富硒特征,厘定出360.4km~2富硒土地资源。当地种植的玉米硒含量变化范围为0.028～0.70mg/kg,几何均值为0.20mg/kg,80%的玉米样本为富硒农产品,且土壤富硒与作物富硒空间分布一致,指示土壤硒是作物体内硒的重要供给来源。研究认为,地质背景和成土母质是研究区富硒土地资源分布的主控因素,河流相沉积的暗色岩系是重要的土壤硒来源。富硒土地整体环境质量清洁安全,仅3.23km~2(面积占比0.2%)土壤重金属(镉汞铅)含量超风险管控值,在土地开发过程中需重点关注。     

Antibiotic resistant pathogens versus human impacts: a study from three eco-regions of the Chennai coast, southern India

We assessed the occurrence of pollution indicators and antibiotic resistant bacterial isolates from water and sediment samples of three different eco-regions of the Chennai coast between March - May of 2010. Total of 960 bacterial strains belonging to four genera were isolated which show the highest frequencies of resistance to vancomycin (53.6%) and penicillin (52.6%) (except Enterococcus sp., which is highly resistant to erythromycin) and lowest frequencies of resistance to chloramphenicol (3.43%), ciprofloxacin (3.95%), gentamicin (4.68%), and tetracycline (6.97%). The E. coli, Vibrio sp., Salmonella sp. and Enterococcus sp. show high frequency of resistance to 2-5 antibacterials of 60.4%, 45.83%, 69.16% and 46.6%, respectively. High pollution indices (PI - 6.66-14.06) and antibiotic resistance indices (ARI - 0.29-0.343) indicate that the coastal environment is highly exposed to antibiotic sources that suggesting to avoid direct contact.