全球变化与荒漠化

文晶以干旱、半干旱地区沙质荒漠化为例，分析了其成因过程、发展趋势，指出干 荒漠化的原因，而频繁、过度的人为活动则更另剧其发展，在北方荒漠化土地的成因类型中，有０．１％虽由于过度放牧，２６．９％是由于过度开垦，３２．７％是由于过度樵采，有９．６％是由于水资源利用不当，有０．７％是由于工矿交通过程中不重视环境保护而造成的，所以合理土地和相应的防治措施是防治荒漠化的重要途径。     

马沙布如姆峰南坡及上胡沙河谷的地质(喀啦昆仑—中亚西亚)

1　前　　言已工作的地区和目的:胡沙河谷位于马沙布如姆山峰(7921m)S-SE方向约45km。从沙约克河谷(印度盆地)汇合处约7km联结萨特如河谷。萨特如河在与胡沙河交汇之前曾急遽转弯,所以,最后的一条支流看起来是胡沙河谷的直接延续物。胡沙河的全部水系盆地位于北纬35°15′—35°40′和东经76°10′—76°35′之间。本次工作的主要目的是:收集胡沙与马沙布如姆河谷地质和岩石的新资料。事实上,在L.巴尔布秀领导下,阿布鲁齐地质工作者的探险是企图征服K6山口,由D.亚历山大采集了55块标本,那些标本后来由米兰大学的E.G.曼辛尼进行过研究1。…     

西藏的活动构造

根据西藏卫片解译 ,最新构造似乎是近南北走向的正断层。西藏高原中部的 1 4个地震断裂面扩散表明 ,主要为正断裂作用。这些解释不都完全受到限制 ,但最可信的一个解释是 :T轴指向近东西的时候 ,仅在标高较低的高原的边缘处 ,按断裂面的扩散才表现出活动的逆断裂作用。这些观测意谓着现代西藏的大部份皆呈东西向扩展。这种格局与印度和欧亚大陆的碰撞以及特别脆弱的西藏地壳和上地幔的形变有关。印度向欧亚大陆施加压力以维持西藏位居一个均一的高度上 ,而被此抬升作用所导致的静压力前锋向北传递其压力。因此西藏是亚洲的压力计量表。同时 ,微呈东西向扭张的 (流动 )西藏的下部壳层和上地幔 ,将拉张其表层。现在西藏与印度的相对位置 ,类似被一个刚性块体 (印度 )嵌入塑性物质中的死三角的相对位置。     

作为应急反应决策支持系统的实时损失估计:早期震后破坏评估工具(EPEDAT)

北岭地震时,许多新的技术,包括震源数据的实时获取、改进后的损失估计技术、地理信息系统以及不同的卫星监测系统,已经出现或被考虑作为应急管理的资源。然而,这些技术在减轻地震灾害、地震应急反应和震后恢复方面的潜在益处大多是概念性的。从1994年1月17日地震中得到的主要经验之一,就是这些技术为了解和应对重大灾害可提供显著的便利条件,并且这些技术结合起来会贡献出更大的显著效益。北岭地震之后的两年半时间内,在将相对独立的技术结合成一个系统方面迈出了重要一步,该系统对区域性破坏、损失和人口影响提供实时估计.本文将阐述应急服务组织使用的第一个实时损失估计系统的研制、运行和应用情况。     

丘陵草坡土壤10Be分布特征及土壤生成速率

以位于广东省境内的中国科学院鹤山丘陵综合试验站草坡集水区土壤剖面为对象, 对土壤样品进行了大气成因¹⁰Be测定, 对基岩以及风化岩石样品进行了就地(in-situ)宇宙成因¹⁰Be测定. 基于土壤层大气成因¹⁰Be测定, 参考土壤层底界¹⁴C表观年龄, 估算出草坡地区3800年以来大约有34%的成土物质被侵蚀掉; 基于风化岩石间隙土大气成因¹⁰Be测定, 估算得到基岩之上90 cm厚的风化岩石层至少经历了1.36 Ma, 平均侵蚀速率约为1.26×10^-4 cm/a. 表面风化岩石和基岩就地成因¹⁰Be浓度分别为10.7×10⁴ atoms/g和 8.31×10⁴ atoms/g, 据此估算得到: 土壤生成速率为8.8×10^-4 cm/a; 表层风化岩石以及基岩宇宙射线暴露时间分别约为7.2×10⁴和2.3×10⁵a. 土壤生成速率大于侵蚀速率, 自然地貌状况稳定.     

Earthquake Disaster Management and Insurance

As one of the most powerful tools to reduce the earthquake loss, the Earthquake Disaster Management [EDM] and Insurance [EI] have been highlighted and have had a great progress in many countries in recent years. Earthquake disaster management includes a series of contents, such as earthquake hazard and risk analysis, vulnerability analysis of building and infrastructure, earthquake aware training, and building the emergency response system. EI, which has been included in EDM after this practice has been done for many years, include these contents: insurance model, financing. This paper presents the development of china in EDM and EI. The main contents include: (1) the statue and trend of earthquake disaster management and insurance in china; (2) the progresses and new methods about the seismic risk zonation and vulnerability analysis, and the future developing trend, the application of GIS in earthquake disaster assessment is introduced; (3) the way and illustration in building the earthquake disaster e     

柳伊河水电站大坝右岸坝区研究

In the paper in order to ascertain the condition of the right-bank of the dam at the Vilyui hydroelectric power plant measurements are applied to obtain experimental date such as drilling borehole,hydrolocation and so forth. By finding out the distribution of the temperature field some corresponding measures are taken to improve the stability of the dam during the change of the ground temperature. And finally some conclusions are draw to the study.     

多年冻土地区建筑物地基的热稳定性技术

Thermal stabilization of soils (including freezing of thawed soils and cooling of permafrost) is known to be the effective method providing stable support for buildings and structures in cold regions.Seasonal thermo-stabilizers (STS) are mainly used in construction. The predicted climate warming because of natural and man-caused factors determines wide application of STS in permafrost regions. A STS transfers heat from its underground part (evaporator) to the aerial part (condenser) owing to natural temperature difference between them during a cold season. We have been working out and manufacturing different types of two-phase, vapor-liquid STS. Aluminum alloys are used in our STS to prevent corrosion and to increase their efficiency. They are successfully used in the northern regions of Western Siberia, in particular, at the railway Obskaya Bovanenkovo. The paper presents some technical parameters of new STS, the results of their experimental study and computer simulation, as well as experience features.     

探测冰盖和多年冻土层的融冰探头研发

The exploration of ice sheets by melting vertical holes into the ground has some tradition in terrestrial glaciology. Such probes have been used since the 1960's to investigate the vertical structure of the ice in Greenland and Antarctica and in alpine glaciers. In this paper we look into the possibility to develop similar devices for use on extraterrestrial icy bodies, like e.g. the polar areas on Mars or the icy satellites of the outer solar system. We report on some basic experiments performed in the cryo-vacuum laboratory of the Space Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz. In these experiments the penetration of a simple melting probe into compact and porous water ice (with a snow-like texture) was monitored, both under vacuum conditions and under air pressure. The observed penetration speeds for a given power supply are compared with a simple mathematical model. We conclude that a miniature melting probe with small overall dimensions and a reasonable power demand could well be part of the payload of a future planetary mission, for example to the poles of Mars. Such missions are currently under discussion in several space agencies. Moreover such probes could also e? ectively be used in terrestrial environments. A possible design is presented at the end of the paper.