表生风化作用下多年冻土土壤的理论粒径分布

The paper discusses the distinctive features of grain size distribution of permafrost soils formed under conditions of continental lithogenesis and cryogenic weathering of rocks. As a functional consequence of surface erosion of mineral particles, the log-normal distribution of the density function of grain size is derived confirmed for any conditions and sediment types.     

柳伊河水电站大坝右岸坝区研究

In the paper in order to ascertain the condition of the right-bank of the dam at the Vilyui hydroelectric power plant measurements are applied to obtain experimental date such as drilling borehole,hydrolocation and so forth. By finding out the distribution of the temperature field some corresponding measures are taken to improve the stability of the dam during the change of the ground temperature. And finally some conclusions are draw to the study.     

具有经济性前景的粗岩屑堆天然冷能集聚分析

The coarse-detrital deposits have the properties of cold accumulation and maintenance of cold for a long time. Now, at some place where the mean annual temperature of air is positive, one even can get the permafrost by artificial formation of the burial mound. According to these properties, some lowenergy storehouses are built for various purposes.     

多年冻土地区建筑物地基的热稳定性技术

Thermal stabilization of soils (including freezing of thawed soils and cooling of permafrost) is known to be the effective method providing stable support for buildings and structures in cold regions.Seasonal thermo-stabilizers (STS) are mainly used in construction. The predicted climate warming because of natural and man-caused factors determines wide application of STS in permafrost regions. A STS transfers heat from its underground part (evaporator) to the aerial part (condenser) owing to natural temperature difference between them during a cold season. We have been working out and manufacturing different types of two-phase, vapor-liquid STS. Aluminum alloys are used in our STS to prevent corrosion and to increase their efficiency. They are successfully used in the northern regions of Western Siberia, in particular, at the railway Obskaya Bovanenkovo. The paper presents some technical parameters of new STS, the results of their experimental study and computer simulation, as well as experience features.     

横穿贝加尔湖山脉北部寒区的线性工程

The development of North Transbaikalye mineral resources (e. g. the Chiney deposit of iron titanium-vanadium-magnetite ores and Udokan copper deposits) is impossible without the establishment of industrial and transport infrastructure, one component of which are linear engineering constructions (drive railways, by-line auto roads, platform passages, protecting constructions, and others). However,on condition of spreading permafrost rocks this is conjugated with certain ecological risk just as from the transport network objects so for the objects themselves. A special attention is paid in the paper to considering of problems of projecting and constructing railways on the Udokan ridge.     

多年冻土地区金刚石矿的环境问题--以Yakutia 西北部Anabar矿为例

Placer diamond mining in the Anabar area involves various operations that cause long-term (nearly a quarter of a century) environmental impacts. The long history of mining activities, the technology used to mine the placers, as well as the poor assimilative capacity of the natural systems can result in serious environmental impacts in the area. The primary geochemical processes in the diamond-bearing area are affected by the occurrence of permafrost and relict ice, the lengthy duration of ice cover in water bodies, and the widespread development of cryogenic processes. This promotes physical migration of contaminants, cryogenic metamorphization of waters, and long-term accumulation of organic contaminants in low-temperature, reduction and sedimentation barriers. In this paper, some environmental and geochemical effects of diamond mining in the Arctic area are discussed.     

探测冰盖和多年冻土层的融冰探头研发

The exploration of ice sheets by melting vertical holes into the ground has some tradition in terrestrial glaciology. Such probes have been used since the 1960's to investigate the vertical structure of the ice in Greenland and Antarctica and in alpine glaciers. In this paper we look into the possibility to develop similar devices for use on extraterrestrial icy bodies, like e.g. the polar areas on Mars or the icy satellites of the outer solar system. We report on some basic experiments performed in the cryo-vacuum laboratory of the Space Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz. In these experiments the penetration of a simple melting probe into compact and porous water ice (with a snow-like texture) was monitored, both under vacuum conditions and under air pressure. The observed penetration speeds for a given power supply are compared with a simple mathematical model. We conclude that a miniature melting probe with small overall dimensions and a reasonable power demand could well be part of the payload of a future planetary mission, for example to the poles of Mars. Such missions are currently under discussion in several space agencies. Moreover such probes could also e? ectively be used in terrestrial environments. A possible design is presented at the end of the paper.     

由浅源地震矩张量推断的沿琉球岛弧和冲绳海槽的应力场

使用区域(NIED MT)和全球(哈佛大学CMT)矩张量目录研究了琉球岛弧和冲绳海槽的应力场。使用NIED MT目录4年数据和哈佛大学CMT目录24年数据的联合数据集，发现沿琉球岛弧弧前分布的平行弧向的扩张应力区域，并观测到详细的冲绳海槽扩张应力场。除北东端外，该顺弧向扩张在整个琉球岛弧区域都可以观测到。该应力场通过火山链与冲绳海槽的弧后扩张应力场明显分开。由于它存在于正俯冲区域以及弱耦合俯冲区域中，倾斜俯冲的影响不足以解释平行弧向扩张的形成。因而，我们认为弧后张开过程应该在这个平行弧向的扩张中起了重要作用。沿冲绳海槽，在琉球岛弧东南部和中部观测到垂直岛弧方向的扩张应力场，而在冲绳海槽东北部，扩张轴的方向既与岛弧的法向斜交又与板块运动方向斜交。考虑了俯冲板块与弧前和弧后相互作用的二维力学模型是不充分的，因为整个琉球岛弧都观测到平行弧向扩张应力场，而且冲绳海槽东北部的扩张轴与海槽走向斜交。倾斜的弧后应力可能发源于弧后下部或者弧后大陆一侧。解释该现象的最简单的方法之一可能是冲绳海槽东北部的活动断裂作用。     

中国的重复性地震事件

从1985年到2000年间，中国及其邻近地区大约10％的地震事件属于重复性地震事件，并且彼此间不超过1km。我们对约14000个地震和爆炸的地震图做互相关，计算了相对到时约0．01 s，并使横向定位精度达到了100m～300m。这样的精度对于地震危险性研究、地震物理、禁止核试验的核查都非常重要。通过对已有的资料重复性信号的识别和测量，提高了定位精度，改进了在读取初至到时和定位方面目前程序的不精确性。     

2002年汤加序列中深源地震的远程触发

业已证实，发生在地壳中的地震能够’触发后续地震，但对于更深的地震这种触发机制是否存在还未见文献说明。浅断层相互作用的模型表明，静态(永久)应力变化能够触发附近的地震，一般在距原发地震几个断层长度的范围内(King et al，1994；Harris，1998；Stein，1993)。而由地震波携带的动态(瞬态)应力既可以触发附近的地震，也可以触发远震(Hill et al，1993；Harris and Day，1993；Belardinelli et al，1999；Kilb et al，2000；Gomberg et al，1997)。本文中，我们对2002年8月19日发生在汤加的深源地震序列做了深入的分析，并给出静态触发作用和动态触发作用的证据。一次深度为598km的7．6级地震发生后7min，在相距300km的以前无震区发生了一次7．7级的地震(深度664km)。我们发现在第一个主震后，附近的余震往往集中在主震引发的静态应力升高的地区。但是第二次主震和其他的被触发的地震发生在距离第一次地震很远的地方，在那里静态应力的增加可以忽略不计，因此这表明是动态应力触发机制在起作用。被触发地震的发震时间同主震的主要地震波到时并不对应，并且这种动态触发的地震通常发生在地震区下面或附近的无震区。我们认为这些地震是在接近临界状态的地区由瞬变效应触发的，而在这些地区，如果没有外部影响，地震起始非常困难。