Analysis of the Statistical Behaviour of Daily Maximum and Monthly Rainfall Data at New Delhi During Monsoon Period

1．IRt回*CtZOllIndian Summer Monsoon Varlablllty Is a muchdscussed and researched field,yet thereIs a considerable scope IOr further work and It Is understanding．The south—west monsoonwhich contributes more than 75%of the annual ra!nfa!lin a major port!on of Ind!a,Is thespring of!he nallonaleconomy．The ralnmH has Qo sustain山e Increasing needs ofagrlculturelrrlgatlon,the Increasing population and the rapid Industrlallsatlon．It Is lowever noted thatthe monsoon rainfall over differe…     

深俯冲和地幔底部P波速度的非球层变化

回顾了与深俯冲和地幔底部结构有关的层析成像的一些新近结果，成像显示出了一些地震波速高于下地幔平均值的狭长结构，它们和上地幔地震板相连续，其地理分布和过去120Ma中板块敛合区出露于地表的位置相关性很强，在大约2000km深处，这些长的线性结构分裂成更小的单元，然而，在一些地区，狭窄的下降体看起来好象是延伸到了地幔底部，在这些地方它们的分散开来形成长波长结构。这样就支持了认为深俯冲和下地幔的复杂结构有关系的预测，上升体似乎没有像下降体那样更普遍地存在，而且所使用的P波数据也成像较差，这些结果证实了很多过去基于残差球谐分析的结果，也和放射性衰减从内部加热而产生的全地幔对流假说一致。尽管有全幔的对流，但对流流动似乎在上地幔过渡带以及在大约1800－2300km深处的过渡带被强烈地扰动，虽然成像未必能反映出因状态变化而引起的深部对流形态的变化，但是P波和S波数据的联合反演表明它和纵波及横波波速之比的变化是一致的，弹性模具的这种表现在其他地方也有报道，这暗示了地幔底部附近广泛存在化学非均匀性，因此地幔底部约800km的区域包含了有助波于我们理解地球构造和演化的信息，不幸的是，我们不能采集到足够多的直达P波数据，但如果使用核震相，则数据覆盖能够得到改善，我们初步的研究认为，虽然本文提出的P波模型解释了大量的已被用于研究核幔边界上部非均匀性的PKP波走时残差，但是却低做了它们的幅度，走时差和直达P波数据的联合反演可望减少波速模型中非均匀性程度的明显偏差，而且它还充分利用了走时残差的优点，而不必假定异常的位置。     

Environmental records of carbon in recent lake sediments

Based on careful sampling and accurate analysis of recent sediments in Lake Chenghai, this paper discusses the staggered positive/negative correlation between organic carbon (OC) concentration and inorganic carbon (IC) concentration. The result indicates that temperature change, and its induced relative changes are the main factors affecting the relationship between IC concentration, δ¹³C of carbonate and OC concentration. When temperature and its induced photosynthesis strength change control autochthonous calcite precipitation, OC concentration is positively correlated with IC concentration and δ¹³C of carbonate. When temperature and its induced physical/chemical changes dominate, OC concentration displays negative correlation with IC concentration and δ¹³C of carbonate. IC concentration and δ¹³C of carbonate in sediments of Lake Chenghai are good proxies for climatic warm/cold changes.     

湖泊现代沉积物碳环境记录研究

通过对云南程海现代沉积物的精细采样和分析, 研究了湖泊沉积物中有机碳与无机碳含量阶段性的正相关和负相关变化. 结果表明, 温度及其引起的相关变化是控制沉积物无机碳含量、碳酸盐δ ¹³C和有机碳含量变化关系的主要因素. 当温度及其引起的光合作用强度变化对湖泊自生碳酸钙沉淀起主导作用时, 沉积物有机碳含量与无机碳含量及碳酸盐δ ¹³C呈正相关变化; 当温度及其引起的蒸发速率等其他物理化学因素变化对湖泊自生碳酸钙沉淀起主导作用时, 沉积物有机碳含量与无机碳含量及碳酸盐δ ¹³C呈负相关变化. 程海沉积物无机碳含量和碳酸盐δ ¹³C是湖区气候冷暖变化的良好代用指标.     

华北克拉通周缘中生代造山型金矿床的氮同位素和氮含量记录

测试了华北克拉通周缘胶东、小秦岭-熊耳山、西秦岭、北祁连山西段和张宣大型矿集区内几个典型矿床及个别与矿床相关花岗岩中钾长石和绢云母的氮含量和氮同位素组成. 经过与以往地幔岩、花岗岩、变质岩和矿床的氮含量和氮同位素对比, 认为尽管华北克拉通周缘金矿围岩有前寒武纪变质岩、显生宙沉积岩、镁铁质火山岩和花岗岩, 但其氮同位素都显示出与花岗质岩石的密切关系, 此外地幔物质在一定程度上可能参与了成矿系统. 这一结论与以往的氢、氧、碳同位素研究相当吻合.     

IMPROVEMENTS OF A DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGY MODEL DHSVM AND ITS CLIMATOLOGICAL-HYDROLOGICAL OFF-LINE SIMULATIONAL EXPERIMENTS

The advanced distributed hydrology-soil-vegetation model DHSVM,developed by Wigmostaet al.(1994)is introduced from US Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.To apply DHSVM inChina for the first time some improvements have been made in terms of the basin characteristics:1)to change evapotranspiration model,using the improved Penman-Monteith approach in place ofthe original one;2)to change the model structure,inserting datasets from 4 stations to grid cellsfor each river basin,instead of datasets from one or two stations;3)to develop new hydrology,vegetation and soil parameterization schemes for improving the simulated results,with focus oncalculation and adjustment of 11 parameters,such as soil porosity (?),field capacity θ_(fc),leaf areaindex LAI,stochastic resistance γ_s,among the total 33 parameters.Then the improved DHSVM isdriven by observed datasets for Luanhe River Basin and Sanggan River Basin,respectively.Thesimulated evapotranspiration(ET),runoff,snow water equivalent,water table,soil moisture andpercolation are then gained as DHSVM outputs.The simulated ET shows that the highest peakappears in May or June instead of July or August.This is consistent with the real situations,owing to the improvement of ET model.The simulated runoff process and flood peak are quiteconsistent with the observed ones.The model efficiency values for Luanhe River and SangganRiver Basins are 0.89 and 0.82,respectively,which shows high simulating ability of the modelsystem for both relatively humid and dry basins.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS BY NESTING HYDROLOGY MODEL DHSVM WITH REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL RegCM2/CHINA

Based on improvement of a distributed hydrology-soil-vegetation model (DHSVM for short)and its application to North China,a nested regional climatic-hydrologic model system is developedby connecting DHSVM with RegCM2/China.The simulated climate scenarios,including controland 2×CO_2 outputs,are downscaled to 8 stations in Luanhe River and Sanggan River Basins todrive the hydrology model.According to simulation results,under double CO_2 scenarios,annualmean temperature and evapotranspiration will increase 2.8C and 29 mm,respectively;precipitation also increase but with different value for each basin,6 mm for Luanhe River Basinwhile 46 mm for Sanggan River Basin;runoff change for the two basins is different too,27 mmdecrease for Luanhe River Basin while 26 mm increase for Sanggan River Basin.As a result,therunoff in future for Luanhe River Basin and Sanggan River Basin will be 74 mm and 71 mm,respectively,which is approximately a quarter of annual mean runoff(284 mm)of the wholecountry.Total streamflow for the two basins will decrease about 2.5×10~8m~3.All these indicatethat the warm and dry trend will continue in the two river basins under double CO_2 scenarios.Thenested model system,with both climatic and hydrologic prediction ability,could also be applied toother basins in China by parameter adjustment.     

云南省金平县中良铜镍多金属矿床地质特征及找矿标志

金平县中良铜镍多金属矿床位于云南哀牢山结晶基底断块东南端,为岩浆结晶分异和岩浆熔离矿床。为查明矿体特征,扩大找矿成果,通过地质、物探、化探及地表工程揭露等技术手段对矿体进行了查证,在沿NW向F₁断层侵位的基性-超基性杂岩体中圈定出铜镍矿体和铁矿(化)体。通过在分析矿床地质特征基础上,笔者认为研究区内的基性-超基性杂岩体,NW向分布的断裂带,Cu、Ni、Co、V、Ti等元素的土壤地球化学异常区,地表出露的皮壳状、蜂窝状铁帽是矿床重要的找矿标志。     

自然灾害的影响及间接经济损失评估方法

灾害的损失受灾前经济发展水平、灾种差异、灾后恢复重建策略、灾害管理水平和灾害保险体系完善程度等复杂因素的影响,加上基础数据精度、获取难度和校验的不确定性,目前还没有有效的灾害间接经济损失评估方法。而已有间接经济损失评估方法存在不足：首先,评估对灾害间接经济损失的构成、时空维界定模糊;其次,评估模型假设太多往往偏离灾后实际经济状况;最后,模型对灾害扰动的动态影响机制考虑不足,往往忽视灾后经济系统的弹性和部门生产容量的动态变化特征。因此,在进行灾害损失评估时应注意灾害对经济影响的动态机理,结合不同灾害类型对经济影响的特点和当地的经济发展状况,合理设置相关参数,使模型更切合实际,从而更合理有效的评估灾害造成的间接损失。     

Histological Study on the Skin of Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

Histological development of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larval skin and ultrastructural difference of skin between reared normal and malpigmented Japanese flounder were studied with light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the skin develops slowly before the metamorphosis, while at the onset of metamorphosis, the skin develops quickly and becomes complete in structure till about 50d after being hatched. Ultrastructural observation on the normal and malpigmented skins shows that the iridophore and melanophore are adjacent to each other. Profile and structure of the two kinds of pigment cells are more complete in the skin of normal ocular side than in the skin of pigmented blind side. The ultrastructure of typical chloride cell was observed in the skin of Japanese flounder larvae for the first time.