Derechos:大范围对流诱发的风暴

Derecho是指一种大范围对流诱发的风暴,它被辨别出来并用流行术语定义。70个derecho个例组成的综合数据库由1980—1983年四年间5—8月暖季资料构成。资料分析表明暖季derecho比较典型地来源于某个中尺度对流系统(MCS)。这个中尺度对流系统沿着以高位势不稳定和相对强的中对流层风为特征的环境中的一个低层准静止热边界移动。在美国大陆,这些风暴经常出现在南达科他东部到上俄亥俄河谷地带,而且比较典型的是在下午和晚上出现。雷达和卫星云图的特殊特征与孕育derecho的中尺度系统有关。根据与derecho事件有关的气象参数和天气形势,已经研究出一个判断树帮助气象业务人员预测derecho的发展。     

Some experiments with multivariate objective analysis scheme of heights and winds using optimum interpolation

A two-dimensional, multitvariate objective analysis scheme for simultaneous analysis of geopotential height and wind fields has been developed over Indian and adjoining region for use in numerical weather prediction. The height-height correlations calculated using daily data of four July months (1976-1979), are used to derive the other autocorrelations and cross-correlations assuming geostropic relationship. A Gaussian function is used to model the autocorrelation function. Since the scheme is multivariate the regression coefficients (weights) are matrix.Near the equator, the geostrophic approximation relating mass and wind is decoupled in a way similar to Bergman (1979). The objective analyses were made over Indian and adjoining region for 850, 700, 500, 300 and 200 hPa levels for the period from 4 July to 8 July 1979, 12 GMT. The analyses obtained using multivariate optimum in-terpolation scheme depict the synoptic situations satisfactorily. The analyses were also compared with the FGGE ana-lyses (from ECMWF) and also with the station observations by computing the root mean square (RMS) errors and the RMS errors are comparable with those obtained in other similar studies.     

Relationship between 500 hPa ridge axis positions over the indian and the west Pacific regions and the Indian summer monsoon rainfall

500 hPa ridge positions over the Indian and the West Pacific regions during April are related with the summer monsoon rainfall over India. The ridge position over the Indian region shows better relation with monsoon rainfall than that shown by the ridge over the Pacific region. The multiple correlation of these ridge positions with monsoon rainfall exceeds 0.7. These predictive relationships are better than those shown by other parameters, viz. (1) Northern Hemispheric surface temperature; (2) East-Pacific sea surface tempera-ture; (3) El-Nino events and (4) Tahiti-Darwin pressure difference, and index of southern oscillation, over the 30-year samples analysed.     

温带湿润气候条件下温室的能量平衡

一个模拟多种不同气候条件下的温室微气候状况的计算机动态模式业已建立并得到了验证。该模式是一维的,由四个层次组成,对各层的热量和质量通量进行了模拟。模式只需要输入初始边界条件。叶片的水分扩散由影响气孔阻力的环境参数来确定。除以往模式中的考虑外,还考虑了作物热贮量和作物特征的时间演变。分析了模式对各种参数的敏感性。用当地的一个商业温室获得观测实际资料,并将其与模拟值进行对照,两组资料十分一致。还用这个计算机动态模式计算了用于种植草莓的温室所需能量的大小。     

A NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SOME DYNAMICAL EFFECTS ON SOUTHERN ASIATIC HIGH

Using a barotropic, steady and linearised vorticity equation and using 250 hPa observed basic flow and global divergence fifeld ffrom the active summer monsoon phase (00 GMT 26 June-12 GMT 29 June) 1979, the dynamical effects of linear absolute vorticity advection, vorticity generation due to divergence and vorticity dissipation due to frictional damping have been tested to understand their influence on Southern Asiatic High (SAH). The key experimental results art: (1) The SAH, one of the maior planetary-scale disturbances, is generated from the upper basic flow by the forcing of the upper tropospheric divergence over southeast Asia during the active summer monsoon phase, (2) Linear absolute vorticity advection and frictional damping of vorticity play an important role in the determination of the location of the SAH. (3) The destruction and recovery of planetary-scale geostrophic balance is an important mechanism for the west-east oscillation of the SAH.     

全球增暖对甲烷生物圈源的影响及其气候后果

1.引言人们认为工业活动对全球气候的影响主要是二氧化碳的温室效应。近来,已经提出在北半球观测到的可能是由于人类活动产生的较高的臭氧浓度会造成气候增温0.2 K(Fishman等,1979)。而且,在气候-化学耦合     

利用FM-CW雷达研究对流层降水过程

由于FM-CW雷达硬件、信号处理以及多普勒偏振FM-CW雷达DARR可用性方面的进步,FM-CW对流层雷达领域可能出现新的突破。DARR具有很高的距离、多普勒速度和偏振分辨率。该雷达能获得每秒几厘米的多普勒分辨率,及每秒±9米的最大多普勒范围。使用两个直接安装在发射和接收天线中心馈电器后面的机械偏振器,工作时偏振角的范围在±90度之间。本文给出了实测的多普勒速度和测偏振反射率廓线。根据这些廓线对层状云降雨融化过程和雨滴谱进行了模拟和验证。     

地形降水机制

从降水量—地形高度对应关系图上可以清楚地看出山脉对水分循环的影响。图1和图2就是例子。在有些地理区城,这种对应关系是已为人们所了解,但在其它区域并非如此,许多年来关于这个问题的科学研究一直进行得很缓慢。本文回顾了目前人们对地形降水的了解。Bonacina(1945),     

东亚地区沙尘气溶胶影响硫酸盐形成的模式评估

利用STEM-II三维区域大气化学模式,耦合沙尘气溶胶表面相过程,研究了1994年3月1日至14日间东亚地区沙尘气溶胶对硫酸盐形成的影响。结果表明,SO2气体在沙尘气溶胶表面上进行的非均相氧化过程是硫酸盐形成的一条重要途径,由这条途径提供的硫酸盐占其总浓度的20%～50%。 并发现在模拟时段,沙尘暴过程主要影响沙尘源地下游的中国东部地区硫酸盐的分布,使得那里的硫酸盐浓度增加60%以上。     

雷达气象学在八十年代的发展

雷达气象学是一门实验科学,它是从实验的角度提出科学问题,其进展在很大程度上依赖于技术的发展和技术工艺的状况。所以雷达气象学的未来应该从技术上或者从科学的前景方面来加以探讨。通常是倾向于先考虑科学上某些有意义的领域,再提出技术要求,以达到科学问题的实现。一、现状从七十年代开始,多普勒雷达才开始作为一种可行的定量研究工具而出现,由于雷达资料处理技术的发展和理论研究,才使多普勒雷达测量技术建立在坚实的基础上,并解决了许多有关估计径向速度的精度问题。到目前为止,根据它在科学应用上