A NEW QUANTITATIVE WAY FOR DETERMINING LEAF AREA INDEXAND NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY IN REGIONAL SCALE

IntroductionThemaJorpurposeforremotesensingistoobtuinqUantitativevaluabledrirmationonvanousaPplicahons.PanicularlybiophysicalparametersinwionalandglobalscaleareofintereSttoanumberofdomams.ForinStancem,croPyteldestiInatinleafareaindex,chiorophyllcontentandheightofcroparecruaalindex.EvaPotranSirationinroponalscalenedstogctdistnbtaloninformationofcrophdghttoinferrowiessOfsuffoceandsoon.AsthoopthenormaldifferenceVegetaonindex(NDVI)hasbecameaverypoPularmethodtoeinmateLAI,therelationshipbet…     

Some experiments with multivariate objective analysis scheme of heights and winds using optimum interpolation

A two-dimensional, multitvariate objective analysis scheme for simultaneous analysis of geopotential height and wind fields has been developed over Indian and adjoining region for use in numerical weather prediction. The height-height correlations calculated using daily data of four July months (1976-1979), are used to derive the other autocorrelations and cross-correlations assuming geostropic relationship. A Gaussian function is used to model the autocorrelation function. Since the scheme is multivariate the regression coefficients (weights) are matrix.Near the equator, the geostrophic approximation relating mass and wind is decoupled in a way similar to Bergman (1979). The objective analyses were made over Indian and adjoining region for 850, 700, 500, 300 and 200 hPa levels for the period from 4 July to 8 July 1979, 12 GMT. The analyses obtained using multivariate optimum in-terpolation scheme depict the synoptic situations satisfactorily. The analyses were also compared with the FGGE ana-lyses (from ECMWF) and also with the station observations by computing the root mean square (RMS) errors and the RMS errors are comparable with those obtained in other similar studies.     

英国用于找金的水文地球化学方法的初步研究

为了找到一种直接找金的勘探方法,在英国的很多地方对流水中可溶金的富集情况进行了研究。用盐酸和甲基异丁酮(MIBK)进行预富集后,用感应耦合等离子质谱仪对金进行了分析。检出限为0.5ngl~(-1)Au。样品是在以石英为主岩的三个已知金矿区采集的。在北爱尔兰的卡拉菲纳特(Curraghinalt)地区或在苏格兰阿基尔的拉格劳可恩(Lagalochan)地区都没有测列可溶金。在威尔士的道尔格拉(Dolgcllau)地区的金矿中,有十三个样品的金含量为1.5～1.6ng,有三个样品在这个范围之外。在任选的其他三个地区中的两个地区:苏格兰因沃尔内斯—夕尔的罗义桥地区和西康沃尔地区,每一个地区都有一个可测到金的样品,对中威尔士普林里蓑(Plynlimon)地区的样品也作了分析发现其溶解的金含量有重要意义(1～10ngl~(-1)Au)。有几种元素(Fe、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ca、Co、Pb、U、Li、Rb、CS、Sr、Ba、B、Y和La)可能是找金的指示元素,对它们也做了分析。元素Co、Ni、Li和Ba与已知金矿区的出现有关,Co/Ni的比值特别有用。研究的结果表明:在已知出现金矿化的地区,可溶金富集度的背景值比以前报导过的数值更低。远离已知金异常pH值近中性的几个地区存在可溶金可能与黄铁矿的氧化作用有关。我们认为:浅层地下水中的水文地球化学异常不只是(或可能不是)指示金矿床的存在而且是含金原岩的存在标志。     

WINDOW FACTOR ANALYSIS:THEORETICAL DERIVATION AND APPLICATION TO FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS DATA

Window factor analysis(WFA)is a self-modeling method for extracting the concentration profiles ofindividual components from evolutionary processes such as flow injection,chromatography,titrationsand reaction kinetics.The method takes advantage of the fact that each component lies in a specificregion along the evolutionary axis,called the‘window’.Theoretical equations are derived.The methodis used to extract the concentration profiles and spectra of seven bismuth species from data obtained byGemperline and Hamilton,who injected bismuth perchlorate into a flowing stream of hydrochloric acid.     

国际温室气体散发的减少——平等与效率研究

在这篇文章中我们提出两种商业性能源方案以供联合国发起的气候变化条约大纲政府间谈判委员会考虑。第一个方案把温室气体(GHG)散发权利的国际贸易与一个国家历史上每人的碳散发联系在一起。     

中尺度数值模式中湿过程参数化的敏感性试验

本文利用一个三维中尺度模式，分别采用两种不同的湿过程处理方案ＦＰＡ和ＮＣＡ模拟同一个洋面冷锋个例，以考察模拟结果对湿过程参数化方案的敏感性。两种方案的区别在于前一种使用了次网格湿对流参数化而后者没有。通过比较分别使用ＦＰＡ和ＮＣＡ方案所进行的模拟ＦＰＳ和ＮＣＳ，发现冷锋结构在两者间出现较大差异。从８５０ hPa等压面|Δθe|等值线图所显示的结构看，ＮＣＳ中冷锋呈现为一长一短两条锋带，而ＦＰＳ中冷锋仅呈现为一条锋带。在相应的冷锋横向垂直剖面中，ＮＣＳ中存在两个相邻的锋面垂直环流，而ＦＰＳ中只有一个。另外，ＮＣＳ中对流不稳定的冷锋区出现垂直运动过分发展的现象，而ＦＰＳ中不存在这个问题。通过与卫星云图比较，我们注意到，ＮＣＳ中尽管出现了垂直运动过分发展的现象，但相对于ＦＰＳ而言，其模拟的冷锋结构与实际较为接近，成功地模拟出云图上显示的双冷锋结构。ＮＣＳ中垂直运动过分发展的一个重要原因是模式中采用的静力平衡近似。ＦＰＳ中次网格对流参数化方案的使用，通过减少甚至消除对流不稳定度，一方面使垂直运动的过分发展倾向受到约束，另一方面也可能使在对流不稳定层结下的锋区环境中本应出现的中尺度结构失去了形成的机会。