辉石巨晶中的硫化物及其成因

我国一些地区玄武岩辉石巨晶中的硫化物球泡(0.02-0.05mm)呈点阵式、散布式、定向带状或微裂隙羽状分布。硫化矿物组合是磁黄铁矿-镍黄铁矿-黄铜矿,其中以磁黄铁矿为主(～90％)。根据硫化物的规则排布以及高温矿物组合推测点阵式、散布式硫化物形成于地幔。是由溶解了～1％S的硅酸盐熔体在减压上升过程中析出过饱和的硫所致。     

太古宙洋脊更长,扩张更快吗?

较热的早期地球通过板块构造机制消散较多的热量,一般来说总是通过较新岩石圈的消减。原则上这一过程可以由更长洋脊的快速扩张及其某些结合来完成,但是,目前的证据表明,新的大洋岩石圈比老的消减更慢。如果在太古宙也是这样,合适的解释就是“洋脊更长”。得到的定量表达式说明大洋的热散失与洋脊长度的立方根成比例,这一关系意味着如果太古宙热流是现在的3倍,那么就需要27倍于现在的洋脊长度,这说明在太古宙地球表面覆盖着许多移动缓慢的小板块。     

欧洲中期天气预报中心的业务系统

1.引言1979年8月1日欧洲中期天气预报中心(EC-MWF)向成员国用户发布它的第一个业务预报。为能做到这一点,必须研制适用于中期天气预报的数值模式,为每天做预报要收集和处理资料,并且制定把分析和预报结果分发给成员国的计划。现已把预报程序、业务工作中收集和处理输入资料程序以及从数值模式输出资料程序合并为一个完整的自动运行程序。这套程序就是欧洲中期天气预报中心的气象业务系统,内部用字头语“EMOS”称呼。2.业务系统的基本结构从原则上讲,所有气象中心业务预报系统制作数值预报的总体结构基本上是一样的。然而,详细     

阿拉伯地盾南部的年龄和演化

阿拉伯地盾前寒武纪火山岩和深成岩的铷—锶法研究指出,在9亿和6.8亿年前之间,阿拉伯半岛有陆壳的早期发育。地质研究表明,克拉通内的岛—弧环境沿南北向或北西向轴,以具安山岩(闪长岩)岩浆活动、火山碎屑沉积、快速沉淀作用和同期变形为特征。沙特阿拉伯西部和西南部所见年龄为9—8亿度的最早深成岩是闪长岩到奥长花岗岩岩基。年龄为7.5—6.8亿年的较新岩石组分则从石英闪长岩到花岗闪长岩变化,这些组份在阿拉伯地盾的中南部和东部变得更多了。上述两组岩石的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr初始值为0.7023到0.7030,平均为0.7027。沉积地层中硅铝质岩屑的缺失和岛—弧环境事件意味着板块和大洋岩圈之间,阿拉伯陆壳早期发育产生在会聚板块边缘上,随之发生与俯冲作用有关的岩浆作用和构造作用,称之为汉志构造旋回。在阿拉伯和非洲东部,以泛非事件为代表的碰撞事件期间,阿拉伯为非洲元古宙板块所缝合,延伸到从6.5亿年前到至少5.4亿年,甚至可能到5.2亿年前。当9亿至5亿年期间,尽管俯冲作用和大陆碰撞作用在此板块会聚的简单板块构造模式为代表,根据泛非事件的年龄差异以及汉志造山运动岩浆作用和构造作用的差异,支持了至少可划分为两个事件的看法。主要深成侵入作用时期的分布表明,汉志旋回期间,岩浆和构造活动轴是向东或向北东移动的。然而,泛非事件的花岗闪长岩到花岗岩深成作用说明它们随年龄并没有限定的地理变化,而且深成岩分布在整个阿拉伯地盾中。     

南部非洲的花岗片麻岩—绿岩地盾

前言构成南部非洲地盾一部分的早前寒武纪(太古宙)花岗岩一绿岩层,是地球表面上已知最老的地层之一。在博次瓦纳东部、南非(阿扎尼亚)东北部以及津巴布韦,该地盾是由林波波活动带分割的两个克拉通、即卡普瓦尔和罗德西亚克拉通组成。在时间上从27—35亿年(或甚至更老)的地区,是作为30亿年前在大陆边缘条件下形成的一种独特的克拉通盆地基底。     

1976年8月松潘—平武地震的预报

本文由R、E华莱士和邓大亮所著,发表于Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,Vol.70,No.4。原著分绪论、预报、非仪器异常和前兆的解释、评论和结论四部分,现就绪论、评论和结论二部分的译文刊出。)     

澳大利亚元古代主要层状贱金属矿床

前言澳大利亚的元古代的主要贱金属矿床(布罗肯希尔、芒特艾萨、麦克阿瑟河矿床)都是根据地表露头发现的。布罗肯希尔矿床是1883年发现的,其地表露头长大于一公里,宽3—40米的富锰铁帽,铁帽中的少量矿物有白铅矿,银的卤化物,磷氯铅矿和少量方铅矿,锌几乎全都淋失了。芒特艾萨矿床是1923年首次发现。含铅—银矿体的直接围岩为黄铁矿化页岩。在地表氧化后成为厚达3米的碧玉或硅化页岩角砾岩,从氧化带开采出的主要矿物为白铅矿和磷氯铅矿,氧化带厚约60米。1947年又在芒特艾萨北20公里的希尔顿区根据出露的铁     

采用甘多菲X光技术鉴定流体包裹体的子矿物

流体包裹体是主晶从中生长的流体的样品,或是在主品形成后的某个时间但围主晶的流体样品。因为这些包裹体是成矿流体的实际的样品,如果能测定包裹休的组成,则可能得到伴生成矿的化学条件方面的有价值的信息。当然,不仅需要进行流体成分的测定,而且还应该进行所有固体相即从那些溶液沉淀出来的子矿物成分的测定。     

Sorption of radioactive contaminants by sediment from the Kara Sea

The purpose of this study is to quantify some of the parameters needed to perform near-field modelling of sites in the Kara Sea that were impacted by the disposal of radioactive waste. The parameters of interest are: the distribution coefficients (Kd) for several important radionuclides, the mineralogy of the sediment, and the relationship of Kd to liquid-to-solid ratio. Sediment from the Kara Sea (location: 73 degrees 00'N, 58 degrees 00'E) was sampled from a depth of 287 m on August 23/24, 1992. Analysis of the material included mineralogy, grain size and total organic carbon (TOC). Uptake kinetics were determined for 85Sr, 137Cs, 241Am, 99Tc, 1251, 232U and 210Pb and distribution coefficients (Kd) were determined for these radionuclides using batch type experiments. Sorption isotherms, developed for 137Cs, 85Sr and 99Tc, were linear in each case. Increasing the liquid-to-solid ratio strongly increased uptake of 137Cs and moderately increased uptake of 99Tc. Analysis for anthropogenic radionuclides indicated the presence only of 239/240Pu in the sediment with the highest activity (at the top section of the core) being 0.420 Bq kg(-1). Other anthropogenic radionuclides were below detection limits.     

STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF A WATERSHED-SCALE SEDIMENT INFORMATION NETWORK

A "Watershed-Scale Sediment Information Network" (WaSSIN), designed to complement UNESCO’s International Sedimentation Initiative, was endorsed as an initial project by the World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research. WaSSIN is to address global fluvial-sediment information needs through a network approach based on consistent protocols for the collection, analysis, and storage of fluvial-sediment and ancillary information at smaller spatial scales than those of the International Sedimentation Initiative. As a second step of implementation, it is proposed herein that the WaSSIN have a general structure of two components, (1) monitoring and data acquisition and (2) research. Monitoring is to be conducted in small watersheds, each of which has an established database for discharge of water and suspended sediment and possibly for bed load, bed material, and bed topography. Ideally, documented protocols have been used for collecting, analyzing, storing, and sharing the derivative data. The research component is to continue the collection and interpretation of data, to compare those data among candidate watersheds, and to determine gradients of fluxes and processes among the selected watersheds. To define gradients and evaluate processes, the initial watersheds will have several common attributes. Watersheds of the first group will be: (1) six to ten in number, (2) less than 1000 km2 in area, (3) generally in mid-latitudes of continents, and (4) of semiarid climate. Potential candidate watersheds presently include the Weany Creek Basin, northeastern Australia, the Zhi Fanggou catchment, northern China, the Eshtemoa Watershed, southern Israel, the Metsemotlhaba River Basin, Botswana, the Aiuaba Experimental Basin, Brazil, and the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, southwestern United States.