Bayesian geological and geophysical data fusion for the construction and uncertainty quantification of 3D geological models

Traditional approaches to develop 3D geological models employ a mix of quantitative and qualitative scientific techniques,which do not fully provide quantification of uncertainty in the constructed models and fail to optimally weight geological field observations against constraints from geophysical data.Here,using the Bayesian Obsidian software package,we develop a methodology to fuse lithostratigraphic field observations with aeromagnetic and gravity data to build a 3D model in a small(13.5 km×13.5 km)region of the Gascoyne Province,Western Australia.Our approach is validated by comparing 3D model results to independently-constrained geological maps and cross-sections produced by the Geological Survey of Western Australia.By fusing geological field data with aeromagnetic and gravity surveys,we show that 89%of the modelled region has>95%certainty for a particular geological unit for the given model and data.The boundaries between geological units are characterized by narrow regions with<95%certainty,which are typically 400-1000 m wide at the Earth's surface and 500-2000 m wide at depth.Beyond~4 km depth,the model requires geophysical survey data with longer wavelengths(e.g.,active seismic)to constrain the deeper subsurface.Although Obsidian was originally built for sedimentary basin problems,there is reasonable applicability to deformed terranes such as the Gascoyne Province.Ultimately,modification of the Bayesian engine to incorporate structural data will aid in developing more robust 3D models.Nevertheless,our results show that surface geological observations fused with geophysical survey data can yield reasonable 3D geological models with narrow uncertainty regions at the surface and shallow subsurface,which will be especially valuable for mineral exploration and the development of 3D geological models under cover.     

1990年代期间b值和地壳形变的相关变化能够确定1999年8月17日伊兹米特M_W=7.4级地震的破裂起始

在30.1°E和30.8°E之间的北安纳托利亚断层系,从平直段到释放弯曲段,其b值从1.1上升到1.7。GPS资料对这个弯曲段的扩张特性给予了证实,观测到的扩张速率为0.3μ应变/a。在该区域断层面解从大量右旋走滑变为弯曲段中部的带法向分量的斜向滑动,这与拉张盆地构造相吻合。我们认为,由于切向和法向断层运动的叠加,地壳体高度破碎,相当于一个短的平均裂纹长度。由于现存裂纹上的低正应力,摩擦滑动被认为是地震活动产生的主要机制,引起b值升高。研究区中的最低b值(b～0.8)是在断层弯曲段和毗连段之间的交汇处发现的,这个地段恰好穿过1999年伊兹米特地震的震中。沿几何障碍体的地震活动数值模拟预示着,在这个交汇处有局部应力集中。因此,b值最低的场地被认为是大地震最容易发生的地方,这个结论被伊兹米特地震所证实,震中离预测位置约13km。在1992年年初,沿断层弯曲段的中部和西北部空间平均b值开始上升,并且对应一个强烈的水平拉张期。由于1992年没有记录到任何大地震,因此假定这种异常拉张和应力的相关变化是由无震断层滑动引起的。根据可使用的地震构造信息,计算出了因深处缓慢位错而造成的地表位移。GPS资料通过深度为10km、等效震级M_W=5.9的正断层震源而得到很好的解释。不同孕震深度的应力变化也计算了出来,基于的假设是偏应力和平均应力下降而库伦应力变化为正的地段最容易观测到b值上升,也就是说,断层已接近破裂。对于右旋走滑断层,满足这种应力条件的地点是b值上升最大的地方。伊兹米特地震的地表破裂仅同研究区西部和东部的已知断层迹线有关。沿断层弯曲部分,地表破裂从地图上标示出的断层迹线脱离出来,贯穿推测的1992年慢地震引起的正库伦应力变化区域。最大地表滑动(5m)是在最大库伦应力变化(～3bar)场地附近观测到的,这表明1992年的慢地震可能已部分地松开了其后发生的伊兹米特地震的破裂面。我们认为,沿复杂断层弯曲部分观测到b值的明显变化可用来描述构造形变在时空上的不同状态。     

佛罗里达大陆架更新世双矿物鲕粒的阴极发光性

在东佛罗里达外大陆架大约40m的海底，发现一种被钻孔和包壳的晚更新世鲕粒灰岩。鲕粒的包壳主要由两种矿物组成，通常情况下，内是放射状排殊镁方解石，而外层则是同心环状排列的文石。多数鲕粒的核心是磨圆的隐晶质颗粒，但也有一部分英颗粒和各种骨粒组成。鲕粒由块状方解石胶结物不完全胶结，部分粒间孔由微晶充填。放射壳层由具亮的阴极发光性的镁方解石组成，含大约12mol％的MбCO3和1000ppm的锶。在放射壳层中，铁和锰含量的一般变化范围分别为500－1000ppm和100－250ppm。同习环状壳层由不具阴极发光的文石组成，含大约11500ppm的锶和小于0．5mol％的MбCO3.心环状壳层中铁的含量范围一般为150－400ppm，而锰通常小于100ppm的检测限。作为次要伴生颗粒的棘皮动物碎片山镁方解石组成，具亮的阴极发光性。一些鲕粒的核心和块状方解石胶结物的薄外缘具阴极发光。微晶基质和大片的块状方解石胶结物不具阴极发兴。在鲕粒中，未见显示重结晶作用的结构迹象。这些鲕粒灰岩经历了大气淡水成岩作用阶段，但鲕粒壳层却未受其影响。我们认为，镁方解石层普在缺氧的海水中遭受成岩蚀变，这是一个尚未被人们认识的过程。在该过程中，镁推动而锰加入，但没有明显的结构蚀变，也没有发生矿物的稳定化作用，因此，我们认为其阴极发光性可能是海底的成岩蚀变造成的。     

冰长石——大厂锡一多金属矿床同生

钾长石在大厂锡－多金属矿床分布广泛，与成矿关系密切。长期以来，对其成因有种种不同看法。本文最新研究证明，该矿床中的钾长石属于冰长石和钡冰长石，系钾长石的低温变种。这种低温钾长石是在成岩期形成的，而不是岩浆期后热液交代作用的产物。无疑，这项新发现为大厂锡－多金属矿床同生成因提供了重要新证据。     

NOAA脉冲多普勒激光雷达的性能特点及其在气象上的应用

1.引言国家海洋大气局(NOAA)在过去的六年时间里,曾致力于用相干激光雷达技术实现由空间监视全球风之可行性的研究。此课题的一个阶段是研制一台野外试验激光雷达。这台设备自1981年春季以来已投入业     

A revisitation of TRIX for trophic status assessment in the light of the European Water Framework Directive: application to Italian coastal waters

The trophic status classification of coastal waters at the European scale requires the availability of harmonised indicators and procedures. The composite trophic status index (TRIX) provides useful metrics for the assessment of the trophic status of coastal waters. It was originally developed for Italian coastal waters and then applied in many European seas (Adriatic, Tyrrhenian, Baltic, Black and Northern seas). The TRIX index does not fulfil the classification procedure suggested by the WFD for two reasons: (a) it is based on an absolute trophic scale without any normalization to type-specific reference conditions; (b) it makes an ex ante aggregation of biological (Chl-a) and physico-chemical (oxygen, nutrients) quality elements, instead of an ex post integration of separate evaluations of biological and subsequent chemical quality elements. A revisitation of the TRIX index in the light of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC) and new TRIX derived tools are presented in this paper. A number of Italian coastal sites were grouped into different types based on a thorough analysis of their hydro-morphological conditions, and type-specific reference sites were selected. Unscaled TRIX values (UNTRIX) for reference and impacted sites have been calculated and two alternative UNTRIX-based classification procedures are discussed. The proposed procedures, to be validated on a broader scale, provide users with simple tools that give an integrated view of nutrient enrichment and its effects on algal biomass (Chl-a) and on oxygen levels. This trophic evaluation along with phytoplankton indicator species and algal blooms contribute to the comprehensive assessment of phytoplankton, one of the biological quality elements in coastal waters.     

太阳射电研究四十年

本文概述了太阳射电天文学的历史,从早期的失败到1942年Hey对太阳射电波的偶然发现为止.文中讨论了太阳射电研究在米波-十米波、千米-百米波和厘米波所取得的主要进展。同时讨论了与射电爆发共生的耀斑的观测以及用等离子体辐射和回旋同步加速辐射对这些观测所作的解释。从空间对与Ⅲ型爆发有关的等离子振荡和一维电子速度分布的测量,业已证实了用等离子体辐射对观测所作的解释。Ⅲ型爆发的米波-十米波射电日像仪测量和千米-百米波的飞船测量表明,Ⅲ型电子束流是沿着浓密的日冕流和沿着阿基米德螺旋轨道运动的。在厘米波段利用角秒分辨率的大天线阵对活动区和射电爆发所作的高空间分辨率观测,表明了它在观测日冕磁场、了解冕环的物理性质、测量耀斑附近磁场结构,从而在研究太阳耀斑起源方面有着巨大的威力.     

Chemical characteristics of water environment in limnic wetlands in the western Songnen Plain, China

Duetoregionalhydrogeologicandclimaticconditions,inthewesternSongnenPlain,themostdistinctcharacteristicofwaterenvironmentinlimnicwetlandsisthatmanywaterbodieshavehighsaltcontentsandpHvalues,andsomelimnicwetlandsbelongtosaltmarshes.Thelimnicwetlandsofthisregionarespecialnaturecomplex.Itisimportantfortheutilizationofwetlandresourcesandtheintegrateddevelopmentofsaline-alkalinesoiltostudychemicalcharacteristicsofwaterenvironmentinthisregion.1NATURALENVIRONMENTCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEWE…     

Contamination of Caribbean coastal waters by the antifouling herbicide Irgarol 1051

Irgarol 1051 is a s-triazine herbicide used in popular slime-resistant antifouling paints. It has been shown to be acutely toxic to corals, mangroves and sea grasses, inhibiting photosynthesis at low concentrations (>50 ng l(-1)). We present the first data describing the occurrence of Irgarol 1051 in coastal waters of the Northeastern Caribbean (Puerto Rico (PR) and the US Virgin Islands (USVI)). Low level contamination of coastal waters by Irgarol 1051 is reported, the herbicide being present in 85% of the 31 sites sampled. It was not detected in water from two oceanic reference sites. In general, Irgarol 1051was present at concentrations below 100 ng l(-1), although far higher concentrations were reported at three locations within Benner Bay, USVI (223-1,300 ng l(-1)). The known toxicity of Irgarol 1051 to corals and sea grasses and our findings of significant contamination of the Northeastern Caribbean marine environment by this herbicide underscore the importance of understanding, more fully, local and regional exposure of reef and sea grass habitats to Irgarol 1051 and, where necessary, implementing actions to ensure adequate protection of these important ecosystems.