TREND OF PRECIPITATION VARIATION IN HUBEI PROVINCE SINCE THE 1960S

1INTRODUCTIONOneoftheeffectsofglobalwarmingisthatprecipita-tionhasincreasedoversomeareasintheworld,andthegaugedataofprecipitation (excludingAntarctica)showthatglobalprecipitationhasincreasedslightlybyabout9mmforthe20thcentury, whichwas verysmallcomparedwiththeinterannualandmul-ti-decadalvariability(NEWetal.,2001).Butregion-ally,thereexisted agreatdealofdifferences,suchasinmostpartsofAfrica, Amazon,westernSouthAmerica,theweatherhasbecomedrier,andinmostpartsofEuropeandCanada,thereexisted…     

地理学的未来

地理学是对地球的描述。作为一门科学,它的起源和早期发展反映了十九世纪获取有关地球表层上极其多样的环境,人民和地方的信息的兴趣。它在某种程度上是为商业冒险的需要服务,但在更大的程度上仅仅是为了满足受过教育的富有阶级的好奇心。现在,这种好奇心莫名其妙地消失了,它(尤其在人文地理学中)已被一种对假想的普遍规律的关注所取代,这些规律是人对环境,空间、地方和人民的反应,却忽视了自然与人文背景的多样性,而正是这种多样性构成了地球表层压倒一切的特征。地理学者中这种取向的转移是目光短浅的,也是有害的。     

边缘化与工业变化——对国家、工厂和人民的影响

本文试图陈述“边缘化”如何顺应关于“不平衡”、“空间与极化的增长”等多文献潮流首先,我们必须记住,可能在空间所表现的不平衡,并不一定是空间现象的本身,按安德森(Andrson,1983)等关于所谓工业衰退的“内城问题”的注解说:“这并不是……由于内城地点的原因而产生了问题,也不能从更广泛的社会过程中如普遍的经济危机不断变化的世界劳动分工等现象中,孤立地在本地区内寻求解决办法。”     

TENSORIAL RESOLUTION:A DIRECT TRILINEAR DECOMPOSITION

Modern instrumentation in chemistry routinely generates two-dimensional(second-order)arrays of data.Considering that most analyses need to compare several samples,the analyst ends up with a three-dimensional(third-order)array which is difficult to visualize or interpret with the conventional statisticaltools.Some of these data arrays follow the so-called trilinear model,(?)These trilinear arrays of data are known to have unique factor analysis decompositions which correspondto the true physical factors that form the data,i.e.given the array (?),a unique solution can be found inmany cases for each order X,Y and Z.This is in contrast to the well-known second-order bilinear datafactor analysis,where the abstract solutions obtained are not unique and at best cannot be easilycompared with the underlying physical factors owing to a rotational ambiguity.Trilinear decompositions have had the disadvantage,however,that a non-linear optimization withmany parameters is necessary to reach a least-squares solution.This paper will introduce a method forreducing the problem to a rectangular generalized eigenvalue-eigenvector equation where the eigenbectorsare the contravariant form(pseudo-inverse)of the actual factors.It is shown that the method works wellwhen the factors are linearly independent in at least two orders(e.g.X_(jr),and Y_(jr) are full rank matrices).Finally,it is shown how trilinear decompositions relate to multicomponent calibration,curve resolutionand chemical analysis.     

用降雨和河川径流资料随机分析确定干旱事件的重现期

对建立的年系列而言,历时达一年的干旱事件重现期的计算可使用一些近似分布,然而对历时大于一年的水文事件的重现期,目前还没有现成的分析方法。本文的目的在于研究过去观测到的或将来可能发生的小降雨量和小河川径流量估算重现期的方法。在分析中使用了澳大利亚维多利亚五个主要水库入流和相应的流域平均降雨量资料。     

CONVERSION RATES OF SURFACE HOX RADICALS IN BEIJING CITY

1INTRODUCTIONThe hydroxyl radicals play a central role in atmospher-ic photochemistry, reacting with a lot of compounds, often initiating their oxidation and subsequent loss and resulting in the formation of ozone and other deleteri-ous oxidants, acids, and fine particles in polluted ar-eas. A thorough understanding of this role is necessary for efficient, cost-effective pollution control. There-fore, the measurement of OH is very significant (E-HHAT etal., 1991). Nevertheless, most me…     

THE CONSTRUCTION OF SIMULTANEOUS OPTIMAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS FOR SEVERAL POLYNOMIALS IN THE CALIBRATION OF ANALYTICAL METHODS

In this paper a criterion is described for the construction of experimental designs for the evaluation ofcalibration models in analytical chemistry.The proposed criterion seeks a compromise between theD-optimal designs for estimating the parameters of different polynomial models.A computer algorithmis presented for a sequential construction of experimental designs using the optimality criterion.Theperformance of the optimality criterion and the computer algorithm is elaborated for the problem ofdiscrimination between a first-to a third-degree polynomial for the calibration of analytical methods.Anexperimental design consisting of replicate measurements at five distinct levels equally spaced over thecalibration range proved a good solution.     

新人文地理学

引言《地理学进展》的创刊号于1969年出版,在刊物创刊21周年之际,有必要对其宗旨和目的再作一次评析。本文将考察进步的概念,让我们先从定义入手。地理科学的进步,常常被定义为地理学家使他们的研究领域变得更具可知性的能力。像所有社会学科一样,这里存在着下定义的问题。更具知识性和可知性是什么意思?另一个更重要的问题是谁来决定这种进步是什么?学术研究来源于商界和政府在安排研究项目方面起至关重要且举足轻重作用的大千世界中,有时用一般的方式,有时则用特殊的方式。