小麦冠层红外温度观测结果的分析和潜热通量的计算

首先把显热通量作为地表能量平衡的一部分,通过每半小时平均净辐射、潜热通量和土壤热通量的观测值来计算显热通量。然后,采用迭代法解显热通量的空气动力方程,并且考虑到非流线体(热量和动量交换粗糙高度的不同)和稳定度(地表和空气温度的不同)对空气动力阻力的校正,得到空气动力地表温度。这时会发现,在稳定(不稳定)大气条件下的空气动力温度比红外测温观测值要低(高)。而且,在阻力-能量平衡方程中用红外温度估算潜热通量时,这个估算值与观测值,通过回归分析,显示出高度的线性相关(r=0.96)与适中的标准差(47Wm~(-2))     

大尺度大气运动的动力学

1.引言动力气象学是研究同天气和气候有关的大气运动的学科,但动力气象学家惯于强调天气尺度和行星尺度的运动。在过去四年中,有关天气尺度和行星尺度运动的动力学已取得许多令人鼓舞的成果,其中许多与大气运动短期变化的各种形态有关,而这些短期变化可以由内因引起,也可以由外因造成。若干研究已超越了传统的扰动处理方法,在那种传统处理中,扰动被假定为叠加在一种纬向对称的基本状态上。目前,关于准静止纬向非对称气流的动力学,以及关于这种气流对瞬时环流的控制作用的认识,已有了重大的进步。在这篇评述中,将重点介绍研究对流层中天气     

机械式速度和高度计算器

1.前言根据雷达资料确定风暴的速度和高度时,通常是先测出雷达显示器或地图上的距离,然后根据所测得的距离和回波移动时间,再用手工、计算尺或电子计算器计算速度或高度。这个过程大体分为两步:测量和计算。本文所介绍的速度和高度计算器实质上将这个过程合并为一步。距离一经测出,同时也就对回波移动时间或仰角算出了速度或高度。这种计算器只是用机械式的两脚规测量距离,并加上了时标和速度线,     

大高原上空的各种环流系统

高原及四周平原的不同加热,引起各种尺度的环流系统。本文讨论了季风尺度环流系统(本文讨论的尺度最大的系统)及其年际变化,对比了北美西部高原与青藏高原的作用。北半球高原对天气尺度系统有很大影响。通过数值模型试验给出一个在青藏高原东部气旋生成的例子。北美西部高原白天的加热效应促使大尺度“高原环流系统”发展,这个系统对高原及其东部上空雷暴活动的日变化有决定性的影响。这表明有地形特性的局地加热和冷却能与昼夜变化的高原环流系统发生相互作用。     

欧洲静止气象卫星水汽图

一、引言气象卫星上的辐射仪可以分为两种类型,一类属成象仪器,一类属垂直探测器。通常的成象型仪器工作在大气吸收很弱的那些波长,从而可以得到受大气衰减影响很小的下垫面(陆地、海洋、云顶)图象。TIROS-N 系列上的改进的甚高分辨率辐射仪(AVHRR)可见光和红外通道(分辨率为1.1km)和欧洲静止气象卫星(Meteosat)辐射仪的可见光通道(星下点分辨率2.5km)和11μm 红外通道(星下点分辨率5km)均属这类仪器。垂直探测型仪器所使用的波长与前一类仪器的不同,这类仪器工作在这样的波长:它使仪器所测量的辐射,大部分是由大气本身发射的。如果大气中二氧化碳和臭氧之类成份的浓度为已知,则由这些气体发射的辐射就可用来估计大气的温度;而反映水汽     

Effects of the pharmaceuticals gemfibrozil and diclofenac on the marine mussel (Mytilus spp.) and their comparison with standardized toxicity tests

Human pharmaceuticals, like the lipid lowering agent gemfibrozil and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac are causing environmental concern. In this study, the marine mussel (Mytilus spp.) was exposed by injection to environmentally relevant and elevated (1 μg/L and 1000 μg/L) concentrations of both compounds and biomarker expression was observed. Gemfibrozil exposure induced biomarkers of stress (glutathione S-transferase and metallothionein) at both concentrations 24 h and 96 h after exposure, respectively. Biomarkers of damage (lipid peroxidation (LPO) and DNA damage) were significantly affected, as well as the biomarker for reproduction, alkali-labile phosphate assay, indicating the potential oxidative stress and endocrine disrupting effect of gemfibrozil. Diclofenac significantly induced LPO after 96 h indicating tissue damage. Additionally standard toxicity tests using the marine species Vibrio fischeri, Skeletonema costatum and Tisbe battagliai showed differences in sensitivity to both drugs in the mg/L range. Results indicate a suite of tests should be used to give accurate information for regulation.     

稻田土壤中甲烷产生率的实验研究

本实验旨在研究稻田土壤中甲烷产生率对稻田CH_4排放的影响.观测结果表明:土壤各深度的甲烷产生率有很大的变化范围(1—4639ng·h~(-1)·g~(-1)d.w.).主要的甲烷产生区域是7—17cm深的土壤层,其中以13cm深的土壤层上的生成速率最大.土壤中甲烷产生率与稻田CH_4排放率在水稻生长的某些阶段有较好的相关性,但它的季节变化却不能与排放的季节变化完全耦合.在水稻生长期,土壤中甲烷产生率随时间而增大,并在8月份水稻收割前达到最大,其日平均值在38—767 ng·h~(-1)·g~(-1)d.w.间变动.稻田土壤中甲烷产生率也存在日变化,一般在下午达到最大值,但却没有发现它与土壤温度有明显的相关关系.在不同施肥及水稻品种的稻田土壤中也观测到不同的甲烷产生率.在土壤中产生的甲烷最多只有28.8％被排放到大气中,而其余多于71.2％的则被氧化在土壤中.     

广东清远早、晚稻稻田甲烷排放的观测研究

分析了2003、2004年广东省清远市郊区早、晚稻稻田甲烷（CH4）的排放通量,结果表明：广东清远早、晚稻稻田CH4排放通量的几何平均值2003年为4,38mg·m^-2·h^-1和6．09mg·m^-2·h^-1;2004年为5．17mg·m^-2·h^-1和8．3mg·m^-2·h^-1,土壤有机质含量是造成2003和2004年CH4排放差异的原因之一。水稻品种的不同,CH4排放通量也有所不同,实验表明,水稻品种“七丝尖”的排放通量比品种“金优99”高1．08mg·m^-2·h^-1,产量却只有64％。此外,与相关的测量结果进行初步比较。     

Analysis of the Statistical Behaviour of Daily Maximum and Monthly Rainfall Data at New Delhi During Monsoon Period

1．IRt回*CtZOllIndian Summer Monsoon Varlablllty Is a muchdscussed and researched field,yet thereIs a considerable scope IOr further work and It Is understanding．The south—west monsoonwhich contributes more than 75%of the annual ra!nfa!lin a major port!on of Ind!a,Is thespring of!he nallonaleconomy．The ralnmH has Qo sustain山e Increasing needs ofagrlculturelrrlgatlon,the Increasing population and the rapid Industrlallsatlon．It Is lowever noted thatthe monsoon rainfall over differe…     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS BY NESTING HYDROLOGY MODEL DHSVM WITH REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL RegCM2/CHINA

Based on improvement of a distributed hydrology-soil-vegetation model (DHSVM for short)and its application to North China,a nested regional climatic-hydrologic model system is developedby connecting DHSVM with RegCM2/China.The simulated climate scenarios,including controland 2×CO_2 outputs,are downscaled to 8 stations in Luanhe River and Sanggan River Basins todrive the hydrology model.According to simulation results,under double CO_2 scenarios,annualmean temperature and evapotranspiration will increase 2.8C and 29 mm,respectively;precipitation also increase but with different value for each basin,6 mm for Luanhe River Basinwhile 46 mm for Sanggan River Basin;runoff change for the two basins is different too,27 mmdecrease for Luanhe River Basin while 26 mm increase for Sanggan River Basin.As a result,therunoff in future for Luanhe River Basin and Sanggan River Basin will be 74 mm and 71 mm,respectively,which is approximately a quarter of annual mean runoff(284 mm)of the wholecountry.Total streamflow for the two basins will decrease about 2.5×10~8m~3.All these indicatethat the warm and dry trend will continue in the two river basins under double CO_2 scenarios.Thenested model system,with both climatic and hydrologic prediction ability,could also be applied toother basins in China by parameter adjustment.