Energy‐work‐based numerical manifold seepage analysis with an efficient scheme to locate the phreatic surface

A major challenge in seepage analysis is to locate the phreatic surface in an unconfined aquifer. The phreatic surface is unknown and assumed as a discontinuity separating the seepage domain into dry and wet parts, thus should be determined iteratively with special schemes. In this study, we systematically developed a new numerical manifold method (NMM) model for unconfined seepage analysis. The NMM is a general numerical method for modeling continuous and discontinuous deformation in a unified mathematical form. The novelty of our NMM model is rooted in the NMM two‐cover‐mesh system: the mathematical covers are fixed and the physical covers are adjusted with iterations to account for the discontinuity feature of the phreatic surface. We developed an energy‐work seepage model, which accommodates flexible approaches for boundary conditions and provides a form consistent with that in mechanical analysis with clarified physical meaning of the potential energy. In the framework of this energy‐work seepage model, we proposed a physical concept model (a pipe model) for constructing the penalty function used in the penalty method to uniformly deal with Dirichlet, Neumann, and material boundaries. The new NMM model was applied to study four example problems of unconfined seepage with varying geometric shape, boundary conditions, and material domains. The comparison of our simulation results to those of existing numerical models for these examples indicates that our NMM model can achieve a high accuracy and faster convergence speed with relatively coarse meshes. This NMM seepage model will be a key component of our future coupled hydro‐mechanical NMM model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大别山晚中生代剪切带特征及年代学制约

大别山的主要剪切带晚中生代时发生伸展拆离,整个构造体系以北大别变质杂岩为核心分为北部伸展构造体系和南部伸展构造体系。北部伸展体系中的晓天—磨子潭剪切带向北北东拆离;南部伸展体系中,水吼—五河剪切带和太湖—马庙剪切带向南南东拆离,而宿松—清水河剪切带则向南西拆离。系统的岩石有限应变测量分析显示:晓天—磨子潭剪切带的剪切位移量至少为56km,宿松—清水河剪切带的剪切距离至少为12km。在南部伸展体系中,福林参数K值从北到南的变化指示从纯剪切逐渐过渡到简单剪切,显示了北大别的岩浆侵入作用在南部伸展拆离体系中的主动作用。对大别山的4条剪切带中黑云母、白云母和角闪石的⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar同位素年代学分析表明,存在两组变形年龄,较早的一组年龄(约190Ma±)可能代表了造山带形成过程中超高压变质岩冷却和折返的时间;较晚的一组年龄(约125Ma±)则可能代表了碰撞造山带作用之后的伸展拆离作用的时间。应变测量分析、年代学分析和铂族元素的特征均表明北大别杂岩中的岩浆侵入作用是大别山晚中生代伸展拆离作用的主要诱因。     

关于地下断层封闭性的讨论——以东营凹陷为例

本文回顾并分析了前人进行断层封闭性评价的一些基本思路,并根据孔隙压力和有效应力原理提出了断层封闭性评价的新见解,断面的力学性质取决于该断面上有效直应力和剪应力的大小和方向;有效直应力为压性,则断面为封闭的,有效直应力的性质受控于有效地应力,而有效地应力的大小与流体压力密切相关;以前对断层封闭性的评价中所考虑的影响因素是不全面的,完全忽略了流体压力对断层封闭性的影响;断层封闭性不但是变化的,而且其变化是一种瞬时的、多次所复的过程;在探埋藏条件下,断层一般是封闭的。自然界中至少存在着两种引起地层压力快速上升并导致深部断层开启的机制：一是地震触发高压致裂;二是深部流体注入引最的连锁压裂。     

辽河西部凹陷沙三段浊积岩储层中钙质夹层研究

本文阐明了辽河西部凹陷高升、兴隆台、曙光和冷东四个地区沙三段浊积岩油气储层内的钙质夹层识别标志，定性、定量地揭示了它在剖面和平面上空间分布规律，探讨了它的成因机制，指出了钙质胶结作用和钙质夹层对储层性质与油气分布的重要影响。     

辽东湾南部下第三系地震地层学研究

本文依据地震地层学原理,结合层速度和砂岩百分比的研究,描述了辽东湾南部下第三系地震相和沉积相类型及特征,确定出近岸水下扇沉积体系、三角洲—滑塌浊积扇沉积体系、滨浅湖—滩坝沉积体系和深湖—深水浊积扇沉积体系,指出这些沉积体系的平面分布具有不对称性,垂向演化具有继承性和新生性的特点。最后预测了有利勘探地区。     

Time range of Mesozoic tectonic regime inversion in eastern North China Block

An important tectonic inversion took place in eastern North China Block(NCB) during Mesozoic, which caused a great lithosphere thinning, reconstruction of basin-range series, powerful interaction between mantle and crust, a vast granitic intrusion and volcanism, and large-scale metallogenic explosion. The time range of the Mesozoic tectonic regime inversion in the eastern North China Block is one of the key issues to understand mechanism of tectonic regime inversion. Our updated results for recognizing the time range are mainly obtained from the following aspects: structural analyses along northern and southern margins of the NCB and within the NCB for revealing tectonic inversion from compression to extension and structural striking from -EW to NNE; geothermic analyses of the eastern sedimental basins for a great change of thermal history and regime; basin analysis for basin inversion from compression to extension and basin migration from -EW to NNE; petrological and geochemical studies of volcanic roc     

福建省煤炭资源勘查存在的问题与对策

福建省煤炭资源需求旺盛,煤炭保有资源量少,迫切需要寻找煤炭后备资源。随着裸露-半裸露矿区勘查完成,煤炭勘查进入“攻深找盲”阶段。在煤炭资源勘查过程中发现存在诸如勘查投入不足、能力不相适应、环境不佳、机制不完善等急需解决的实际问题。认为加大勘查投入、提升勘查能力、优化勘查环境、完善勘查制度、加强队伍建设是实现地质找煤取得新突破的保障。     

On the Origin of One Basin-Multiple Mountain Couplings in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic Basin-Range Area in Eastern North China

The basin-range coupling relation is a leading subject of the modern geology. In geometry, relations of this type include couplings between stretched orogenic belt and down-faulted basin, compressional orogenic belt and foreland basin, strike-slip orogenic belt and strike-slip basin and so on. Fault chains are the key for these couplings and there are typical examples for all these cases. The North China down-faulted basin is coupled west with the Taihang uplift, east with the Jiao-Liao Mountains, north with the Yanshan orogenic belt and south with the Dabie orogenic belt, that is to say, the central down-faulted basin and the surrounding orogenic belts bear a coupling relation within a uniform dynamistic system. Study shows that the central down-faulted basin and the North China mantle sub-plume structure have a close relation during their formation. Owing to intensive mantle sub-plume uplifting, the bottom of the lithosphere suffered from resistance, which caused the lithosphere of the eastern North Ch     

西昆仑库地韧性剪切带的40Ar/39Ar年龄

西昆仑库地以南有一套变质变形较强的岩系,前人依照区域对比关系将其划为前寒武的古老基底。对西昆仑早期构造演化的论述均基于该观点,但没有提供确凿的同位素年代学证据。笔者通过野外观察、室内研究,确认库地以南的变质变形岩系是大型韧性推覆剪切作用的产物。通过对新生变质矿物角闪石和黑云母单矿物的⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar年龄分析,确定剪切变质年龄为426-451Ma,说明库地的变质变形岩系是形成于早古生代晚期的一条大型韧性剪切带,这对于解释西昆仑的早期构造演化具有重要意义。     

Pressure Buildup and Brine Migration During CO2 Storage in Multilayered Aquifers

Carbon dioxide injection into deep saline formations may induce large‐scale pressure increases and migration of native fluid. Local high‐conductivity features, such as improperly abandoned wells or conductive faults, could act as conduits for focused leakage of brine into shallow groundwater resources. Pressurized brine can also be pushed into overlying/underlying formations because of diffuse leakage through low‐permeability aquitards, which occur over large areas and may allow for effective pressure bleed‐off in the storage reservoirs. This study presents the application of a recently developed analytical solution for pressure buildup and leakage rates in a multilayered aquifer‐aquitard system with focused and diffuse brine leakage. The accuracy of this single‐phase analytical solution for estimating far‐field flow processes is verified by comparison with a numerical simulation study that considers the details of two‐phase flow. We then present several example applications for a hypothetical CO₂ injection scenario (without consideration of two‐phase flow) to demonstrate that the new solution is an efficient tool for analyzing regional pressure buildup in a multilayered system, as well as for gaining insights into the leakage processes of flow through aquitards, leaky wells, and/or leaky faults. This solution may be particularly useful when a large number of calculations needs to be performed, that is, for uncertainty quantification, for parameter estimation, or for the optimization of pressure‐management schemes.