陕西省城镇与交通信息图谱的建立与分析

地学信息图谱是伴随地学信息知识的创新而产生的,建立地学信息图谱的过程就是对地学研究对象的认知过程。本文通过对陕西省城镇和交通信息图谱的建立与分析,指出陕西城市具有格状对称分布的规律;陕西交通布局具有线形对称分布的特征。通过以延安为中心的我国大城市靶形图谱分析,建议把延安发展成大城市,以带动陕北和周边地区的经济发展。结论是应在城镇与交通信息图谱的指导下,制定出陕西城镇与交通发展的科学规划。     

基于探地雷达的土体构型无损探测方法研究

土体构型对土壤水分、溶质运移过程和作物成长等有显著影响,常规测量采用人工挖土壤剖面取样、实验室化验分析等方法,其周期长效率低。针对以上问题,以探地雷达波形及其图像为研究对象,从检测土体构型的属性(层次、层厚、土质)入手,提出了一种使用探地雷达快速测量土壤土体构型的无损探测方法。基于探地雷达波形图像的纵向梯度信息能够反应土壤分层,采用包络检波法从探地雷达回波中提取包络信号,利用Hilbert分析其瞬时相位来确定分层位置;鉴于土壤介电常数与雷达回波振幅的关系,采用探地雷达回波振幅反演各层介电常数,由介电常数推算雷达波在土壤中的传播速度,以此得到土壤剖面各层厚度;根据探地雷达波形图的图像噪声与土壤砂壤比之间存在定量关系,提出采用主成分分析方法对每一层土质的图像进行噪声估计求得各层土壤的含砂量,结合支持向量机进而辨识各层土壤土质。建立涵盖地域信息、土壤指标、探测信息、图像多特征融合信息的土体构型知识库,并编制快速识别土壤土体构型的信息系统,在内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市周边2个试验基地、6个采样点、4类土壤土体构型使用该方法进行野外探测验证。研究表明:在上述地区地表以下1 m范围内的土体构型识别正确...     

东帝汶海MD98-2172岩芯磁记录与还原成岩作用过程

MD98-2172岩芯位于印度尼西亚穿越流的帝汶通道上.多参数的岩石磁学测量结果表明,该岩芯的磁性矿物组合很好地记录了海洋沉积物中的还原成岩作用过程:0～3.85 m段岩芯以亚铁磁性准单畴(PSD)磁铁矿为主,其含量和粒度基本不随深度而变,受还原成岩作用的影响不明显;3.85～5.35 m段岩芯也以PSD磁铁矿为主,但其含量随深度的增加而快速减少,粒度随深度的增加而变粗,或粗粒磁铁矿的相对含量随深度的增加而增多,处于铁氧化物还原阶段;5.35～15.00 m层段以顺磁性颗粒为主,并出现黄铁矿,处于硫酸盐还原阶段.     

基于迁移学习方法的山东冷云冰晶特征分布研究

为分析冷云中冰晶的分布特征,揭示冰晶增长演变机制,根据冰晶形状和尺度特征分为8类并进行标注,同时标注1类隔断栏进行数据质量控制,将9类标签图像整合并建立图像集,利用迁移学习VGGNet16方法进行识别训练,经训练模型分类准确率达98%。将模型应用到秋季冷云冰晶特征研究中,选取3次积层混合云和3次层状云降水过程,分析冰晶形状在不同温度区间的占比及冰晶谱变化特征,结果表明,温度通过影响冰晶基面与棱面的比值来决定冰晶初始形状分布,相同温度区间积层混合云内球状冰晶和线型冰晶占比高于层状云,低于-12℃后各类冰晶占比相对固定;积层混合云内线型冰晶直径集中在300~800 μm,冰晶谱呈多峰分布,聚合体直径大于600 μm,冰晶谱首尾两端浓度相当,球状冰晶直径集中在120～300 μm,冰晶谱呈单调下降趋势。     

输水管网模糊地震可靠性的 Monte Carlo 法分析程序

本文详细介绍了笔者所建议的运用模糊图理论和方法进行城市输水管网的地震可靠性分析途径和计算程序。对于输水管网中每段管道的震害预测,建立了相应的专家系统。在此基础上,定义了管网系统的模糊可靠性,更好地反映了人们对于管道损坏状态估计的模糊性和对可靠性要求上的模糊性。以模糊矩阵来描述输水管网的状态是十分方便的。通过计算模糊矩阵的传递闭包,极易找出最短路、关键段等。由于地震作用和管道抗震能力都是随机的,因此整个管网系统的可靠性分析是藉助Monle Carlo法进行的。以Monle Carlo法对模糊图进行分析,从而得到管网的地震可靠性,这还是首次。用PASCAL和PROLOG编制了在微机上实用的计算机程序,特别是以智能语言PROLOG编制的程序,更有许多特色。由于采用了一些技巧,使在微机上可以分析相当大的系统,为城市抗震防灾工作提供了一个有力的工具。     

华南春季强风暴背景流场的若干特征

本文利用常规探测资料,分析了1983年3月25日发生在珠江三角洲地区的一次强对流天气过程背景流场的几个重要特征,如高空急流的结构与变化、辐散风场及与之相联系的背景次级环流、风场垂直切变和水平切变等.     

Effects of chemical environment on the solubility and incorporation mechanism for hydrogen in olivine

To investigate the solubility and the sites of incorporation of hydrogen in olivine as a function of point defect concentration, two-stage high-temperature annealing experiments have been carried out. The first annealing stage (the dry preannealing stage) was conducted at a total pressure of 0.1 MPa, a temperature of 1300° C and various oxygen fugacities in the range 10^?11–10^?4 MPa for times > 12 h. In these heat treatments, the samples were buffered against either orthopyroxene or magnesiowustite, or they remained unbuffered. The second annealing stage (the hydrothermal annealing stage) was performed at 300 MPa and 900–1050 ° C under a hydrogen fugacity of ～ 158 MPa for 1–5 h. Infrared spectra from the annealed samples revealed two distinct groups of bands. Group I bands occurred at wavenumbers in the range 3450–3650 cm^?1, while Group II bands occurred in the range 3200–3450 cm^?1. The hydrogen solubility associated with Group I bands is proportional to f _{O 2} to the 1/6 power for samples preannealed in contact with orthopyroxene, to the 1/3 power for samples preannealed in contact with magnesiowustite, and to the 1/13 power for samples preannealed in the absence of a solid-state buffer. The hydrogen concentration for Group II bands varies with f _{o 2} to the 1/3 power for opxbuffered samples, to the 1/2 power for mw-buffered samples, and to the 1/3 power for unbuffered samples. The dependence of hydrogen solubility on oxygen fugacity and orthopyroxene activity suggests that hydrogen is incorporated into the olivine structure via association with point defects. The presence of two distinct groups of absorption bands indicates that hydrogen is associated with two distinct lattice defects. The following point defect model for the mechanism of incorporation of hydrogen in olivine is consistent with these results: Hydrogen ions responsible for the Group I bands are associated with doubly charged oxygen interstitials, while hydrogen ions responsible for the Group II bands are associated with singly charged oxygen interstitials. Furthermore, the infrared bands observed in naturally derived olivines are present in spectra from our hydrothermally annealed crystals. Thus, the mechanisms of incorporation of hydrogen in olivine under geological conditions are the same as those operative under laboratory conditions. The maximum solubility reached in these experiments was ～ 360H/10⁶Si, which corresponds to ～ 0.002 wt% of H₂O. This value is a lower bound for the solubility of hydrogen in olivine under upper mantle conditions.     

The typing of Au and base-metal occurrences by plasma/mass spectrometry: initial results

This paper discusses the application of the newly developed ELAN 250 I.C.P./mass spectrometer to exploration geochemistry. This instrument combines an inductively coupled plasma with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The combination of these two existing technologies makes it possible for the first time to perform stable-isotope and elemental analysis rapidly and concurrently.Particular attention is paid to the use of lead isotopes to type Au and base-metal occurrences. Data are presented on galena samples obtained from the Geological Survey of Canada and the Royal Ontario Museum. Consideration is also given to the potential usefulness of Pb isotopes and trace-element data to type mineral occurrences and to identify new ones.     

1904～1907年拉萨气候特征再分析

通过对以《有泰拉萨天气日志》为主的历史文献资料的深入挖掘 ,作者分析了 1 90 4年 2月 9日～ 1 90 7年 4月 1 7日拉萨的气候特征 :气候温暖 ,暖冬现象显著 ,而且 1 90 5年气温高于 1 90 4年 ;干旱气候占主导地位 ,间有多雨期 ;天气多变 ,多风 ,有雾 ;水灾、雪灾、干旱等自然灾害严重。拉萨与全球同时段的气候变化大体一致。     

枣庄岩溶塌陷形成条件及主要影响因素

近年来枣庄市岩溶塌陷频繁发生。通过野外地质调查、现场采样和室内试验相结合的综合手段,对该区的岩溶塌陷覆盖层进行系统地取样并进行深入细致的实验及分析,论述了覆盖层特征对该区岩溶塌陷的影响;运用宏观调查、细观测量和微观分析相结合的研究方法详细论述了地质构造对岩溶塌陷的影响;结合历年水文动态资料、地下水开采量等论述了地下水活动对岩溶塌陷影响。综合认为,地层岩性、覆盖层性质、构造因素是枣庄岩溶塌陷频繁发生的内因,而超量开采地下水则是外部诱发因素。