基于Web地理可视化分析系统的研究与设计

气候研究涉及海量时空数据集,其产生和存储在分布式计算资源中。科学家们需要一个直观且方便地工具去研究分布式时空数据。地理可视化分析工具可直观且方便地访问气候资料、探索各种气候参数之间的关系及交流研究成果。本文对基于Web的地理可视化分析系统的研究与设计做一些探讨,阐述该系统具有以下功能：①互联网上海量数据集管理;②时空数据的2D/3D可视化;③气候研究中各种时空统计分析;④交互式数据分析和知识发现。此外,本文也为管理、分发、分析大数据提供参考。     

地理信息服务安全访问设计与实现

在分析目前地理信息服务所面临的安全威胁问题的基础上,设计了基于SSL的令牌（Token）式地理信息服务安全访问方案,以该方案为基础开发了用户安全身份认证和强日志管理两个核心模块。研究结果表明,该方案能有效地解决地理信息服务安全访问、地理信息资源非法下载等方面的问题。     

Turbulence in the Stable Boundary Layer at Higher Richardson Numbers

We present some algebraic and numerical simulations of the stable boundary layer. We also discuss the problem of the existence of a critical Richardson number (Ri), beyond which the turbulence is suppressed. We compare the results of a second-order algebraic model with those of a third-order numerical model and, to this purpose, numerical simulations of a wind-tunnel flow, which is characterized by various Richardson numbers, were performed. As far as the second-order model is concerned, solutions, for the Richardson number greater than any critical value, can be obtained by modifying the time scales of the second-order equation pressure correlation terms in order to account for a buoyancy damping factor. We show that using a third-order model allows the same results (no critical Richardson number) to be obtained without modifications to the time scales. It is suggested that the non-locality, accounted for by the third-order moments, could allow the turbulence to persist also for Ri > 1.     

广东沿岸海雾决策树预报模型

利用汕头、珠海和湛江地面观测站2000-2008年1-5月的海雾历史观测资料和NCEP/NCAR FNL再分析资料,采用分类与回归树(CART)方法对海雾及其生成前24 h的海洋气象条件进行分类分析,建立了海雾决策树预报模型;并根据现有的海雾理论认识,对海雾预报规则包含的物理意义进行讨论.10次交叉检验的结果表明:采用...     

气候变化对陕西苹果生长适宜性影响

利用陕西苹果生产基地县及其以北地区气象观测和物候观测资料,采用时间序列分析和专家打分方法,分析了近50年来影响陕西苹果产量和质量的主要气象因子、花期霜冻和高温日数的变化特征以及气候变化对陕西苹果生长的气候适宜性评分的影响。结果表明:年平均气温和夏季平均最低气温具有明显的上升趋势,夏季相对湿度变化不大,近30年 (1979—2008年) 年降水量明显少于1961—1990年平均值;1961—1990年、1971—2000年、1979—2008年3个30年苹果基地县大部分果区气候适宜性总评分没有明显变化;温度升高、降水减少是研究区域一些县 (区) 苹果生长气候适宜性评分变化的主要原因。1961年以来, 4月中旬霜冻频率的增加使渭北西部果区和延安果区遭遇花期冻害的可能性增加;20世纪90年代以来, 高温日数的增加使果树受高温热害的影响增大。     

局地暴雨和冰雹在雷达回波上的对比分析

通过对扎兰屯同一地区局地暴雨和冰雹在雷达回波图像上的对比分析,得出冰雹和暴雨在雷达图上的反映有很大的不同：冰雹的回波强度梯度和垂直累积液态含水量产品值较暴雨的要大;冰雹天气回波顶高（ET）比暴雨天气的回波顶要高许多。但具有径向速度产品都存在着逆风区的特点。     

成都地区降水时空分布变化

分析成都地区12个气象观测站50年（1960—2009年）逐日降水资料的时空分布变化规律得出：成都地区年降水量、汛期有雨日降雨强度、最大日降水量均呈现出逐渐下降的趋势。降水量主要集中在夏季,盛夏7、8两个月降水量占全年降水总量的47%;降水空间分布的主要类型为东—西走向,即降水量的地区分布趋势是西部多于东部;对降水量的M-K突变检验表明,大部分地方存在年降水总量的突变。     

一次区域性大暴雨过程中尺度诊断分析

利用实况降水、FY-2C资料、实时探空、NECP/NCAR再分析资料对2009年8月2—5日川渝地区大暴雨过程主要环流系统、水汽输送特征,以及湿位涡和垂直螺旋度演变特征进行了诊断分析。结果表明：此次强降水环流背景是高空槽东移,耦合了＂天鹅＂台风动力阻塞维持在川渝地区的西南低涡,南侵的冷空气和西南急流输送的暖湿气流交汇,形成明显的气旋性辐合,导致不断有中小尺度对流系统的生成、发展,且降水过程中一直维持较好的水汽输送条件;湿位涡对本次降水落区有较好的指示意义,由于强降水湿位涡负值中心上空的大尺度下沉气流、强上升气流的倾斜程度和最大锋生强迫区的位置和强度,强降水落区（重庆西部）位于负值中心（四川盆地）暖气流一侧;垂直螺旋度发展演变与暴雨有着密切的关系,当螺旋度等值线密集（稀疏）时,强降水发生（减弱或结束）,且暴雨发生时,总是伴随着高（低）空正（负）垂直螺旋度的耦合发生。     

Error control of iterative linear solvers for integrated groundwater models

An open problem that arises when using modern iterative linear solvers, such as the preconditioned conjugate gradient method or Generalized Minimum RESidual (GMRES) method, is how to choose the residual tolerance in the linear solver to be consistent with the tolerance on the solution error. This problem is especially acute for integrated groundwater models, which are implicitly coupled to another model, such as surface water models, and resolve both multiple scales of flow and temporal interaction terms, giving rise to linear systems with variable scaling. This article uses the theory of "forward error bound estimation" to explain the correspondence between the residual error in the preconditioned linear system and the solution error. Using examples of linear systems from models developed by the US Geological Survey and the California State Department of Water Resources, we observe that this error bound guides the choice of a practical measure for controlling the error in linear systems. We implemented a preconditioned GMRES algorithm and benchmarked it against the Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) method, the most widely known iterative solver for nonsymmetric coefficient matrices. With forward error control, GMRES can easily replace the SOR method in legacy groundwater modeling packages, resulting in the overall simulation speedups as large as 7.74×. This research is expected to broadly impact groundwater modelers through the demonstration of a practical and general approach for setting the residual tolerance in line with the solution error tolerance and presentation of GMRES performance benchmarking results.     

Modern pollen distributions in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the development of transfer functions for reconstructing Holocene environmental changes

This study investigates the distribution of modern pollen assemblages in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China, based on surface soil samples collected at 1202 sites along an altitudinal gradient of 10–5500 m asl, where mean annual precipitation (MAP) ranges from 12 to 1840 mm and mean annual temperature (MAT) from ?7 to 21.5 °C. A total of 153 pollen taxa were found with relative abundances greater than 1% in at least two samples. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to determine the main environmental variables influencing pollen distributions. The results reveal that MAP is the most significant dominant variable. However, MAT, altitude (ALT), July temperature (MT7), and relative humidity (HHH) are also significant variables that clearly follow the gradients in the CCA ordination, suggesting that pollen assemblages probably not only reflect a single climatic parameter, but also a variety of other climatic inter-related parameters.Transfer functions, based on locally weighted weighted averaging (LWWA), were developed for MAP (R²-boot = 0.89, RMSEP = 109 mm), MAT (R²-boot = 0.78, RMSEP = 2.3 °C), ALT (R²-boot = 0.73, RMSEP = 597 m), HHH (R²-boot = 0.82, RMSEP = 4.5%), and July mean precipitation (MP7) (R²-boot = 0.87, RMSEP = 23 mm). Overall, our results confirm that pollen can provide reliable estimates of the primary climatic parameters. The application of the LWWA model to the fossil records of Chen Co Lake allowed quantitative inferences to be made about Holocene climatic changes in the southern Tibetan Plateau, suggesting that LWWA is a robust calibration method for quantitative palaeo-environmental reconstruction based on pollen data in the regions.