Design of the Polarimeter for the Fibre Arrayed Solar Optical Telescope

The theoretical design of the polarimeter used for the Fibre Arrayed Solar Optical Telescope (FASOT) is described. It has the following characteris- tics: (1) It is provided with the function of optical polarization switching, which makes the high-effciency polarimetry possible; (2) In the waveband of 750 nm, the polarimetric effciency is higher than 50% for the every Stokes parameter, and higher than 86.6% for the total polarization, thus an observer can make the simultaneous polarization measurements on multiple magnetosensitive lines in such a broad range of wavelength; (3) According to the selected photospheric and chromospheric lines, the measurement can be focused on either linear polarization or circular polarization; (4) The polarimeter has a loose tolerance on the manufacturing technology of polarimetric elements and installation errors. All this makes this polarimeter become a high-performance polarimetric device.     

A Review of the Scientific Assessment and Research on Household Carbon Emission

Household consumption represents an important proportion of all energy consumption,and it is an important source of CO₂ emission. But household consumption and carbon emissions are often overlooked in climate change policies and measures. Through literature review, the research status of household consumption and carbon emissions were reviewed. On this basis, the main aspects and directions of the research are summarized and the main research of household carbon emissions should focus on three aspects in the future: ①The impact of income, consumption levels and other factors on household carbon emission; ②The relationship between direct and indirect carbon emissions of household carbon emission; ③The structure and source of household carbon emission. In future research, there are four issues which need in-depth study: ①Index and models study of household carbon emissions;②Impact of demographic change on household carbon emissions; ③The path of how to achieve sustainable and green urban lifestyle;④The relevant policy research of household carbon emissions.     

黄河悬浮物组成的地理分异

根据对1980年汛期在黄河18个水文站采集样品的分析结果,本文讨论了黄河悬浮物的粒度、矿物和化学组成从上游到下游的地理分异。     

应用单台垂向记录进行区域地震事件实时检测和直达犘波初动自动识别

提出一种基于直达P波信号和其它背景噪声在能量、非高斯性、非线性和偏振特性的不同而进行区域地震事件实时检测的新方法信噪综合差异特征量方法（简写为EFGLP方法）,同时对比分析了应用信号的不同统计特性来精细识别震相初至的３种有效方法,其中的TOC AIC方法是新提出的．应用山东数字地震波资料处理的结果表明:①与常规的STA/LTA地震事件触发算法相比,EFGLP方法能够有效降低地震事件的错误报警率和漏报率;②与人机交互震相识别结果相比,当信噪比比较低、震相初至比较模糊时,3种震相精细识别方法中的TOC-AIC方法识别精度最高;当信噪比比较高、震相初至比较清晰时,基于VAR-AIC 和TOC-AIC方法所测量得到的震相初至识别基本一致．      

Temporal variations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">δ</Emphasis><Superscript>18</Superscript>O of atmospheric water vapor at Delingha

Oxygen stable isotope of atmospheric water vapor is widely used to study the modern process of climate. Atmospheric water vapor samples were collected at Dlingha, northeast of Tibetan Plateau during the period from July 2005 to February 2006. The variation of δ ¹⁸O and the relationships between δ ¹⁸O and both the temperature and specific humidity are analyzed in this paper. Results show that the seasonal variation of δ ¹⁸O of atmospheric water vapor at Delingha is remarkable with higher δ ¹⁸O in summer and lower δ ¹⁸O in winter. The temporal variation of vapor δ ¹⁸O shows obvious fluctuations, with magnitude of over 37‰ The daily variation of the δ ¹⁸O is highly correlated with air temperature. The relationship between δ ¹⁸O and atmospheric water vapor content is complex. Study shows that δ ¹⁸O of atmospheric water vapor is positively correlated with specific humidity in winter in seasonal scale and inversely correlated with specific humidity in summer rainy period. The δ ¹⁸O values of atmospheric water vapor are lower than those of precipitation at Delingha, and the average difference is 10.7‰ Variations of δ ¹⁸O of atmospheric water vapor is also found to be affected by precipitation events, The model results show that the precipitation effect could have caused the vapor δ ¹⁸O in the raining season to lower by 7% in average in July and August. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40671043, 40571039 and 40771048) and National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2005CB422002)     

南亚(巴基斯坦)地震灾害分布及成因分析

通过对南亚地震震害及其成因的分析表明,南亚地震灾害具有以下特点：①南亚地震的发震构造为喜马拉雅前缘弧形逆冲断层,地震地表破裂带发育的巴拉考特镇为此次地震的极震区,大量建筑物倒塌,造成严重的人员伤亡：②建筑物震害呈有规律分布：③地表破裂带和沿河谷两岸以及山坡的滑坡、建筑物没有抗震设防、建筑物结构不合理等是造成损失惨重的主因。     

扁平大跨度公路隧道松动荷载计算方法探讨

确定松动荷载的方法多为规范法和理论公式法,这些方法都建立在对以往隧道松动荷载统计和分析的基础上。双洞八车道扁平大跨度公路隧道是近几年发展起来的一种隧道形式。由于其跨度增加、扁平率降低,现有松动荷载的算方法是否适用于双洞八车道公路隧道,已成为隧道建设者面对的重要问题之一。以广州龙头山双洞八车道公路隧道为研究背景,概括和总结了各种松动荷载的计算方法;应用这些方法计算龙头山隧道的松动压力,分析和对比计算结果,并通过数值计算和实测围岩压力对各种方法的合理性进行了分析;根据各种方法的产生背景和内容,分析其各自的适用性;根据研究结果,对扁平大跨度公路隧道进行了适应性分析和讨论。     

2008年3月21日新疆于田7.3级地震发震构造与震前地震活动特征研究

2008年3月21日新疆于田发生7.3级地震,打破了中国大陆6年多的7级地震平静,成为我国近期较为显著的一次地震事件.综合分析MS≥4.0余震分布、震区断裂性质以及等震线长轴方向等资料,认为郭扎错断裂是这次地震的发震构造;据Harvard震源机制解分析,这次地震是在近NS向力的作用下,郭扎错断裂发生略带走滑分量的拉张破裂所致.通过地震前震区附近地震活动特征分析发现,于田地震发生在1996年以来新疆南部及邻区7级地震有序分布的空段;震前震区附近有4级地震空区形成,空区持续91个月后发生了2006年9月12日皮山5.8级"信号震",其后1.5年发生于田7.3级地震.     

The relationship between the growth process of the ferromanganese crusts in the pacific seamount and Cenozoic ocean evolvement

Base on the Os isotope stratigraphy together with the empirical growth rate models using Co concentrations, the growth ages of the ferromanganese crusts MHD79 and MP3D10 distributed in the seamount of Pacific are confirmed. Through the contrast and research on the previous achievements including ODP Leg 144 and the crusts CD29-2, N5E-06 and N1–15 of the seamount of the Central Pacific, the uniform five growth and growth hiatus periods of them are found, and closely related to the Cenozoic ocean evolvement process. In the Paleocene Carbon Isotope Maximum (PCIM), the rise of the global ocean productivity promoted the growth of the seamount crust; the first growth hiatus (I) of the ferromanganese crust finished. In the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), though the vertical exchange of seawater was weakened, the strong terrestrial chemical weathering led to the input of a great amount of the terrigenous nutrients, which made the bioproductivity rise, so there were no crust hiatuses. During 52–50 Ma, the Early Eocene Optimum Climate (EECO), the two poles were warm, the latitudinal temperature gradient was small, the wind-driven sea circulation and upwelling activity were weak, the terrestrial weathering was also weakened, the open ocean bioproductivity decreased, and the ferromanganese crust had growth hiatus again (II). From early Middle Eocene-Late Eocene, Oligocene, it was a long-term gradually cooling process, the strengthening of the sea circulation and upwelling led to a rise of bioproductivity, and increase of the content of the hydrogenous element Fe, Mn and Co and the biogenous element Cu, Zn, so that was the most favorable stage for the growth of ferromanganese crust (growth periods III and IV) in the studied area. The hiatus III corresponded with the Eocene- Oligocene boundary, is inferred to relate with the global climate transformation, celestial body impact event in the Eocene-Oligocene transition. From the early to the middle Miocene, a large-scale growth hiatus (hiatus period IV) of the ferromanganese crust in the studied area is inferred to relate with temporary warm up climate and ephemeral withdrawal of Antarctic bottom water in the early Miocene. After that, the Antarctic ice sheets extended, the bottom water circumfluence strengthened, the ocean fertility increased, and the once interrupted crust continued to grow in the late Miocene (growth period V). Supported by China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association “10th Five Year” Topic (Grant No. DY105-01-04-14)     

1998年SCSMEX期间南海夏季风海气交换的主要特征

根据1998年“南海季风试验（SCSMEX）”强化观测期间“实验3号”和“科学1号”科学考察船船基大气海洋自动观测系统两点连续观测的大气、海洋资料,使用考虑到风速和大气层结影响的整体输送公式计算海-气间的湍流通量交换。根据计算结果分析南海夏季风期间海表大气要素和海温日均值的逐日变化、海洋向大气输送的潜热通量和感热通量以及大气向海洋输送的动量通量等。结果表明：这次夏季风于5月21日从南海南部开始爆发,然后向北部扩展全面爆发。夏季风期间南海南部和南海北部的大气、海洋结构和海气交换特征等都有明显差别。此外,海表温度的变化除了与太阳总辐射有关外,主要是与海洋向大气输送的潜热通量变化有关,对本次夏季风发生较晚、强度较弱作了海-气交换的物理解释,并与1992～1993年西太平洋热带海域西风爆发过程作了比较。