辽西北票地区义县组古气候环境标志及其意义

野外地质调查及综合研究表明，包含中华龙鸟、被子植物等珍稀化石的热河生物群的主要赋存层位为义县组二段湖相沉积岩层。对产于不同地点沉积层中的植物、孢粉化石以及木化石进行了总结研究，分析了它们所反映的古气候环境，认为义县组沉积时期存在大量的喜温湿植物，总体指示温暖湿润的生存环境。同时，一些旱生的买麻藤类植物的普遍存在、本内苏铁类的膜质叶以及松柏类的鳞状叶等的特征反映了存在季节性干旱、半干旱气候的可能性。这种气候状况的出现可能与火山活动有关。     

义县阶的时代与侏罗系-白垩系界线——义县阶标准地层剖面建立和研究之三

义县阶中孔子鸟类、中华龙鸟类、翼龙类、叶肢介、昆虫、双壳类和植物(包括木化石)时代确定为晚侏罗世晚期或提塘晚期；哺乳类、鸟臀类恐龙和孢粉为早白垩世早期或贝里阿斯期；介形类、鱼类为晚侏罗世早白垩世过渡期或提塘晚期-贝里阿斯期。考虑到义县期生物群与德国索伦霍芬(Solnhofen)生物群、英国普尔贝克(Purbeck)生物群，日本晚侏罗世手取(Tetori)型、领石(Ryoseki)型植物群可以比较、对比以及与中侏罗世约克郡(Yorkshire)植物群、大河口(Great EstLiarine)叶肢介群的联系分析，综合时代可确定为提塘晚期至贝里阿斯期；尖山沟层时代倾向于提塘晚期，大康堡层时代倾向于贝里阿斯期。由于可与义县组对比的英国普尔贝克(Purbeck)群(组或层)的侏罗系与白垩系界线仍未确定；同时因缺乏实测数据，国际地层表推荐的144Ma、145Ma、135Ma等侏罗系与白垩系界线年龄，不能作为可靠的依据标准；因此应据中国义县阶标准地层剖面的综合生物年代及实测同位素年代确定侏罗系与白垩系界线，界线倾向于义县阶下部尖山沟层与上部大康堡层之间，同位素年龄以124Ma为界线年龄符合目前综合生物年代，是较优选的方案。     

吉林省松辽盆地东缘晚期中生代植物群及其古生态研究

本文在系统研究吉中地区晚期中生代植物群的基础上,论述了沙河子组和大羊革沟组植物群的演替,分析了化石植物群的保存特点及其沉积环境。应用现代植物生态学的原理和方法,依据现实主义类比原则,分析了植物群的古气候意义,认为本区晚中生代由温暖、潮温的温带型气候转变为温热、湿润的暖温带型气候条件。根据植物群的组成和性质特征,认为本区晚中生代植物地理区应属瓦赫拉梅耶夫(1988)划分的西伯利亚—加拿大植物地理区范畴。     

Contributions of moisture sources to precipitation in the major drainage basins in the Tibetan Plateau

Science China Earth Sciences - Tracking and quantifying the moisture sources of precipitation in different drainage basins in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) help to reveal basin-scale hydrological cycle...     

Projected Changes in Extreme High Temperature and Heat Stress in China

High temperature accompanied with high humidity may result in unbearable and oppressive weather. In this study, future changes of extreme high temperature and heat stress in mainland China are examined based on daily maximum temperature (T_x) and daily maximum wet-bulb globe temperature (T_w). T_w has integrated the effects of both temperature and humidity. Future climate projections are derived from the bias-corrected climate data of five general circulation models under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 2.6 and 8.5 scenarios. Changes of hot days and heat waves in July and August in the future (particularly for 2020–50 and 2070–99), relative to the baseline period (1981–2010), are estimated and analyzed. The results show that the future T_x and T_w of entire China will increase by 1.5–5°C on average around 2085 under different RCPs. Future increases in T_x and T_w exhibit high spatial heterogeneity, ranging from 1.2 to 6°C across different regions and RCPs. By around 2085, the mean duration of heat waves will increase by 5 days per annum under RCP8.5. According to T_x, heat waves will mostly occur in Northwest and Southeast China, whereas based on T_w estimates, heat waves will mostly occur over Southeast China and the mean heat wave duration will be much longer than those from T_x. The total extreme hot days (T_x or T_w > 35°C) will increase by 10–30 days. Southeast China will experience the severest heat stress in the near future as extreme high temperature and heat waves will occur more often in this region, which is particularly true when heat waves are assessed based on T_w. In comparison to those purely temperature-based indices, the index T_w provides a new perspective for heat stress assessment in China.     

Is the Tibetan Plateau really a water tower?

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is widely known as the ‘Asian Water Tower’, due to its role in providing fresh water to downstream Asian countries. Based on the runoff data of large river basins on the TP, the weighted average proportion of the TP runoff is approximately 18% (ranging from 6% to 49%) for all the rivers. We argue that the name ‘Water Tower’ is an inappropriate and misleading perception of the TP, and such misperception would influence policy-making processes and diplomatic activities. We therefore call for correcting the misunderstanding and an ensuring accurate understanding of the TP and its role in water supply for downstream countries. We propose using the term “Towering Asian Spring” instead of “Asian Water Tower” to better illustrate the role of the TP in water supply: while it serves as the source of several major rivers in Asia, its contribution to the overall water supply is relatively limited.     

The role of soil pipe and pipeflow in headcut migration processes in loessic soils

Headcut formation and migration was sometimes mistaken as the result of overland flow, without realizing that the headcut was formed and being influenced by flow through soil pipes into the headcut. To determine the effects of the soil pipe and flow through a soil pipe on headcut migration in loessic soils, laboratory experiments were conducted under free drainage conditions and conditions of a perched water table. Soil beds with a 3-cm deep initial headcut were formed in a flume with a 1.5-cm diameter soil pipe 15 cm below the bed surface. Overland flow and flow into the soil pipe was applied at a constant rate of 68 and 1 l min⁻¹ at the upper end of the flume. The headcut migration rate and sediment concentrations in both surface (channel) and subsurface (soil pipe) flows were measured with time. The typical response was the formation of a headcut that extended in depth until an equilibrium scour hole was established, at which time the headcut migrated upslope. Pipeflow caused erosion inside the soil pipe at the same time that runoff was causing a scour hole to deepen and migrate. When the headcut extended to the depth of the soil pipe, surface runoff entering the scour hole interacted with flow from the soil pipe also entering the scour hole. This interaction dramatically altered the headcut processes and greatly accelerated the headcut migration rates and sediment concentrations. Conditions in which a perched water table provided seepage into the soil pipe, in addition to pipeflow, increased the sediment concentration by 42% and the headcut migration rate by 47% compared with pipeflow under free drainage conditions. The time that overland flow converged with subsurface flow was advanced under seepage conditions by 2.3 and 5.0 min compared with free drainage conditions. This study confirmed that pipeflow dramatically accelerates headcut migration, especially under conditions of shallow perched water tables, and highlights the importance of understanding these processes in headcut migration processes. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Global change hydrology: Terrestrial water cycle and global change

1.Introduction Global Change Hydrology(GCH)is an emerging interdisciplinary field that links global change research and hydrology.GCH integrates hydrology,climatology,and geography to study the interactions between the terrestrial water cycle and global change across various time and space scales.The main objective of GCH is to understand the natural and anthropogenic causes of the changing terrestrial water cycle and the associated influences and feedbacks in the Earth system.     

陆地水循环过程的综合集成与模拟

在气候变化与人类活动的影响下,陆地水循环过程发生了明显改变,并导致了一系列资源环境问题。深入认识陆地水循环过程的变化机理,发展陆地水循环过程综合集成模拟技术,预估未来陆地水循环的变化趋势,是当前水循环研究面临的重要任务。主要关注人类活动影响下的大尺度(大河流域或大陆尺度)陆地表层系统水循环模拟,梳理了近年来陆地水循环过程综合集成与模拟相关的研究进展,指出当前大尺度陆地表层系统水循环模拟模型的主要问题是对自然过程与人类活动过程间相互作用描述不足,以及人类活动参数化方案的不完善。因此,完善人类活动参数化方案,构建陆地水循环过程的综合集成模型,是模拟研究的重要发展方向之一。同时,考虑多要素过程的综合集成模型有助于解释气候变化与人类用水活动影响水循环变化的关键机制,为探索变化环境下陆地水循环变化成因及其效应提供理论与实践基础,其结果将为区域水资源配置及应对全球变化的战略决策提供科学依据。     

The influence of groundwater representation on hydrological simulation and its assessment using satellite‐based water storage variation

The interaction between surface water and groundwater is an important aspect of hydrological processes. Despite its importance, groundwater is not well represented in many land surface models. In this study, a groundwater module with consideration of surface water and groundwater dynamic interactions is incorporated into the distributed biosphere hydrological (DBH) model in the upstream of the Yellow River basin, China. Two numerical experiments are conducted using the DBH model: one with groundwater module active, namely, DBH_GW and the other without, namely, DBH_NGW. Simulations by two experiments are compared with observed river discharge and terrestrial water storage (TWS) variation from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). The results show that river discharge during the low flow season that is underestimated in the DBH_NGW has been improved by incorporating the groundwater scheme. As for the TWS, simulation in DBH_GW shows better agreement with GRACE data in terms of interannual and intraseasonal variations and annual changing trend. Furthermore, compared with DBH_GW, TWS simulated in DBH_NGW shows smaller decreases during autumn and smaller increases in spring. These results suggest that consideration of groundwater dynamics enables a more reasonable representation of TWS change by increasing TWS amplitudes and signals and as a consequence, improves river discharge simulation in the low flow seasons when groundwater is a major component in runoff. Additionally, incorporation of groundwater module also leads to wetter soil moisture and higher evapotranspiration, especially in the wet seasons.