A long-term numerical model of morphodynamic evolution and its application to the Modaomen Estuary

Because of the influence of human activities,the evolution of the Modaomen Estuary is no longer a purely natural process.We used a long-term morphodynamic model(PRD-LTMM-10) to study the evolution of the estuary from 1977 to 1988.The model incorporated modules for riprap-siltation promotion and waterway dredging.The model can simulate the morphodynamic evolutionary processes occurring in the Modaomen Estuary during the period of interest.We were able to isolate the long-term influences of various human engineering activities and the roles of natural factors in estuarine evolution.The governance projects had the largest effect on the natural development of the estuary,resulting in larger siltation on the west side.Installation of riprap and reclamation of submerged land resulted in scouring of the main Hengzhou Channel causing deep trough out-shift.Severe siltation narrowed the upper end of the Longshiku Deep Trough.     

Complementary zoning frameworks for sustainable management of eco-economic capital: a case study of Lijiang, China

We propose two zoning frameworks for regional decision-makers to regulate eco-economic capital in Lijiang,southwest China,using an index system,layer overlay,and GIS spatial analysis.The frameworks include eco-economic zoning and major function-oriented zoning,with an emphasis on ecoeconomic capital and human activities.The two frameworks share common advantages in top-down resource regulation by a certain function and the pursuit of competitiveness,sustainability and welfare fairness.Their differences in development orientation,functional links and scale suitability provide a complementary approach for regional decisionmakers.The frameworks will help to understand complex eco-economic resource patterns and foster appropriate regional regulation strategies.     

Plant Species Richness Affected Nitrogen Retention and Ecosystem Productivity in a Full‐Scale Constructed Wetland

The effects of plant species richness (SR; i.e., 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 species per plot) on substrate nitrate and ammonium retention and ecosystem productivity in a full‐scale constructed wetland (CW) with high nitrogen (N) input were studied. Substrate nitrate (0.1–16.4 mg kg^?1) and ammonium concentrations (1.3–9.2 mg kg^?1) in this study were higher than those in other comparable biodiversity experiments. Substrate nitrate concentration significantly increased while ammonium concentration significantly decreased with the increase of plant SR (p = 0.008 and 0.040, respectively). The response of ecosystem productivity to increasing SR was unimodal with four species per plot achieving the greatest productivity. Transgressive overyielding, which was compared to the most productive of corresponding monocultures, did not occur in most polycultures. We conclude that substrate N retention was enhanced by plant SR even with high N input, and plant SR could be managed to improve the efficiency of N removals in CWs for wastewater treatment.     

我国地应力观测与地震预报

我国是最早开展地应力连续观测并将其用于地震预报的国家,回顾40年的发展历程,总结经验教训,分析国际发展趋势,提出了我国地应力监测与地震预报发展构想。     

利用静止气象卫星监测沙尘暴

MODTRAN的理论模拟和实际卫星图象分析结果表明:分裂窗亮温差与11μm红外亮温的比值可以很好地反映弱沙尘的存在.当强沙尘出现时,借助于可见光、红外和水汽图象的光谱分类技术是监测沙尘暴的有效手段.作者首先介绍分裂窗处理技术和光谱分类技术,而后展示了国家卫星气象中心静止气象卫星沙尘暴自动监测精度的初步检验结果.     

周至地电阻率观测环境干扰数值模拟

周至地震台NS、NE和NW向测道地电阻率观测值2012年初开始出现显著趋势减小变化,经多次现场调查落实,认为变化与近年来农民在测区大规模搭建猕猴桃架有关.针对周至地震台地电阻率连续观测存在的环境干扰问题,建立环境干扰物理模型,模拟分析环境干扰对周至地电阻率观测的影响,并分析2012年以来趋势减小的可能干扰源.结果显示：2012年新搭建的猕猴桃架会造成周至地电阻率3测道观测值的趋势减小.当干扰电阻R=10 Ω时,模拟结果与实际观测结果符合良好.     

Simulation of snowmelt runoff in ungauged basins based on MODIS: a case study in the Lhasa River basin

It is theoretically and practically significant to conduct snowmelt runoff simulations and hydrological research for high-elevation regions. The Lhasa River basin, an ungauged basin, is a typical alpine headwater region where snowmelt runoff contributes significantly to its stream flow. In this study, the snowmelt period, defined by the snow cover curves obtained at different altitudinal zones based on Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Digital Elevation Model data, occurred from March 6 to July 12 in the basin. The snowmelt processes were simulated with the Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) in 2002 and 2003 for calibration and validation, respectively. The coefficients of determination (R ² ) were 0.86 and 0.87 for calibration and validation, respectively, and the Nash–Sutcliffe coefficients were both 0.80, which indicate reasonable performances in simulating hydrological processes in the Lhasa River basin. The simulated snowmelt at altitudes below 5,000 m accounts for most of the snowmelt. And the simulated snowmelt runoff contributed 3–6 % to the total runoff. The sensitivity of individual parameters was analysed and ranked as follows: α and γ > C _S  > C _R  > T _crit . In short, the SRM based on MODIS remotely sensed data performed well for the ungauged Lhasa River basin.     

Using a Lagrangian model to estimate source regions of particles in sediment traps

A Lagrangian model is used to evaluate source regions of particles collected in the sediment traps at the DYFAMED(Dynamique des Flux Atmosphériques en Méditerranée) station by tracking particles backwards from March 1 to August 31, 2001. The analysis suggests that source regions depend on the flow fields, the settling speed of the particles, and the deployment depths of the traps. Monthly variation is observed in the distribution patterns of source regions, which is caused by the currents. The source regions are located around the traps and up to hundreds of kilometers away. As the settling speed increases with the particle diameters, the distance to the source regions decreases. The vertical flux can be approximately estimated in 1D for the particles with diameters larger than 500 μm. Furthermore, traps moored at various depths at the DYFAMED can collect particles that originated from different regions in the Ligurian Sea.     

Origin of Taiwan Canyon and its effects on deepwater sediment

The continental slope of the Taiwan Shoal, which has cultivated numerous submarine canyons, is located in a passive continental margin environment. However, the trend of the Taiwan Canyon, with its 45° intersection angle, is obviously different from that of the erosion valley downward along the continental slope. A distinct break is present in the lower segment of the Taiwan Canyon, which then extends from west to east parallel to the continental slope until finally joining the Manila Trench. By utilizing multiple-beam water depth data, high-resolution seismic data, and sediment cores, this study describes the topographic characteristics of the Taiwan Canyon and provides a preliminary discussion on the origin of the Taiwan Canyon and its effect on deepwater sediment. The terrain, landform, and sediment of the Taiwan Canyon exhibit segmentation characteristics. The upper segment is characterized primarily by erosion, downward cutting with a V shape, and wide development of sliding, slumping, and other gravity flow types. The middle segment is characterized mostly by U-shaped erosion-sedimentation transition and development of an inner levee. The lower segment is characterized primarily by sedimentation and development of a sediment wave. The bottom current has a significant reworking effect on the interior sediments of the canyon and forms reworked sands. The formation and evolution of the Taiwan Canyon is closely related to sediment supply, gravity sliding(slumping), faulting activities, and submarine impaling. Given the sufficient terrigenous clastic supply, the sediments along the continental shelf edge continuously proceed seaward; gliding and slumping in the front edge provide driving forces for the formation of the canyon. Faulting activities result in stratum crushing, and the gravity flow takes priority in eroding the relatively fragile stratum. Thus, the direction of the extension of the canyon crosses the surrounding erosion valley obliquely. Seamounts are formed through submarine impaling. Owing to seamount blocking, the lower segment of the canyon is turned toward the east–west direction. Large amounts of sediments overflow at the turning, forming sediment waves.