浙江省自动雪深观测数据质量分析

近年浙江省陆续建设部署了200多套自动雪深观测仪,为了使其观测数据有效应用于防灾减灾工作,本文分析了自动雪深仪在实际业务中的运行情况,查找了仪器结构、测雪板材质、安装方式、土壤霜冻等方面存在的问题,分析了问题产生的原因,提出了以小时数据变化为主的雪深数据质控方法,并在实际降雪过程中进行了检验,对雪深观测的有关技术规范提出了改进建议。结果表明,自动雪深观测仪可以全面连续的反映积雪的变化过程,获取丰富的实时观测数据,相比人工测量雪深在时效、精度等方面具有显著的优势。     

基于暴雨内涝模型的莆田沿海地区风暴潮灾害评估

利用ArcGIS对莆田沿海地区的地形、下垫面属性和排水设施及排水运作方式进行预处理,建立台风降水、风暴潮共同影响下的莆田沿海地区内涝模型。应用雷达估算降水及自动雨量站数据计算的热带气旋"南玛都"过程面雨量,以及此次暴雨过程沿岸海区和河口的时变水位作为模型的边界条件,对莆田地区风暴潮灾害风险进行评估试验。针对2011年9月1日热带气旋"南玛都"造成的莆田沿海地区风暴潮及暴雨灾害,利用暴雨内涝模型进行评估试验研究,将模拟结果与实况灾情进行对比,结果表明模型能够较客观地反映"南玛都"过程降水和风暴潮共同作用的灾害情况。     

高铁开通前后站区产业空间格局变动及驱动机制——以沪宁城际南京站为例

基于企业微观数据,定量刻画高铁开通前后站区产业空间格局变动,并诊断和确定在不同阶段的关键驱动要素及其贡献度。结果表明,高铁站区产业空间具有明显的圈层结构,但“以高铁站点为中心的向心集聚”在高铁开通初始阶段尚不明显,开发强度并不随着与站点距离增加而降低,核心区的开发强度小于影响区。除了圈层空间分异之外,产业分层集聚态势凸显,与高铁乘客的商务特征相对应的商务服务业在高铁开通后空间集聚程度明显高于其他几类产业;批发零售业、居民服务业和科技服务业与高铁开通相关性不明显;交通运输业和住宿餐饮业作为交通站区的基础服务产业,相关程度介于以上两类之间。从内外两方面驱动因素构建的高铁站区产业空间格局变动模型分析得出,除了交通条件、外部规模经济等传统区位因素外,产业属性、地价对高铁站区产业空间格局的变动有较大影响。     

40Ar(40Ar＊＋40ArE)、39Ar释气特征与过剩氩的甄别及年代学意义

对具有不同地质历史背景的3类⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar法样品中的⁴⁰Ar和³⁹Ar释出特征进行对比,研究结果表明,⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar法样品中的⁴⁰Ar、³⁹Ar释气曲线主要表现为以下3种形式:完全重合型、过剩氩型和不规则型。当⁴⁰Ar与³⁹Ar释气曲线呈完全重合型时,⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar法全熔年龄代表了岩体的形成年龄;当⁴⁰Ar、³⁹Ar释气曲线是过剩氩型时,⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar法全熔年龄则大于岩体的形成年龄;当⁴⁰Ar与³⁹Ar释气曲线呈不规则型时,表明样品中的放射成固氩(⁴⁰Ar^*)发生了丢失,其全熔年龄一般较岩体的形成年龄小。对于⁴⁰Ar、³⁹Ar释气曲线呈过剩氩型的样品,⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar法年龄谱通常呈马鞍形,且马鞍形年龄谱的底部年龄一般都具有地质意义,代表了岩体的形成年龄。对于⁴⁰Ar、³⁹Ar释气曲线呈不规则型的样品,对其年龄谱的解释应持谨慎态度。     

Transgressions of Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary in Eastern China

ＴＲＡＮＳＧＲＥＳＳＩＯＮＳＯＦＬＡＴＥＣＲＥＴＡＣＥＯＵＳＴＯＥＡＲＬＹＴＥＲＴＩＡＲＹＩＮＥＡＳＴＥＲＮＣＨＩＮＡＱｉｕＳｏｎｇｙｕ，ＬｕＢｉｎｇｌｉ，ＣｈｅｎＹｏｎｇｃｈｅｎｇ（ＪｉｌｉｎＨｅａｄｑｕａｒｔｅｒｓＯｆＰｅｔｒｏｌｅｕｍＰｒｏｓｐ...     

福建南部沿岸水域尖头斜齿鲨的食性

对福建南部沿岩水域尖头斜齿鲨食性的分析表明：尖头斜齿鲨以硬骨鱼类，头路类，长尾类和口足类为主要食料，其营养级为３．４５，年平均饱满指数为９．４５‰，摄食率为７６％，其雌鱼在分娩期间仍有摄食，但强度降低，雌、雄个体食物组成无明显差异，幼鱼摄食强度大于成鱼。     

基于土壤水分和气象要素的林火预报研究——以广东省为例

基于国内现行的森林火险气象指数和单因子火险贡献度模型,以及逻辑回归模型和随机森林模型,在林火预报中引入微波遥感土壤水分信息,使用MCD14DL火点数据集和地面气象观测资料对广东省不同时间尺度的林火发生概率进行预测。结果表明：逻辑回归模型和随机森林模型构建的林火预测模型显著优于现行的森林火险气象指数和单因子火险贡献度模型,预测精度提升约20%。其中,随机森林模型对林火频数的解释程度最高（两者相关系数为0.476）。此外,加入微波土壤水分信息后,相较原有的基于气象要素的林火预测模型,2种机器学习模型的预测精度均略有提升,体现了表层土壤水分信息在林火预报中的重要性。研究可为高效提取对地观测信息,以改进华南地区不同时间尺度的林火预报工作提供参考。     

地下水埋深对半干旱区典型植物群落土壤酶活性的影响

土壤酶活性是反映土壤功能的关键指标,尤其在受到水分限制的半干旱区,土壤水分驱动的土壤酶活性生态功能的变化可以改变土壤养分周转并影响土壤碳质量。地下水埋深对半干旱区典型植物群落土壤酶活性的影响机制尚不明晰。以半干旱区科尔沁沙质草地两种典型植物群落（白草Pennisetum centrasiaticum和差巴嘎蒿Artemisia halodendron）为研究对象,开展地下水埋深模拟试验,地下水埋深分别为0.5、1.0、2.0 m。分析不同土层的土壤理化性质和土壤酶活性,探讨不同地下水位埋深深度下不同植被类型土壤酶活性的变化特征。结果表明：4种土壤水解酶（酸性磷酸酶（AP）、葡萄糖苷酶（βG）、乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）和亮氨酸氨基肽酶（LAP））和2种氧化还原酶（过氧化氢酶（CL）和多酚氧化酶（POX））活性均受地下水位埋深和植被类型的影响。随着地下水埋深的增加,白草和差巴嘎蒿群落内土壤酶活性分别呈现不显著性和显著性的变化规律。同时,在各处理中土壤酶活性均随土层深度的增加而减小。地下水埋深对科尔沁沙质草地白草与差巴嘎蒿群落的土壤水解酶和氧化还原酶活性产生不同的影响。未来在半干旱区进行植被恢复时,建议考虑不同植物群落对地下水位变化的适应对策的差异,以更好地恢复半干旱区植物群落的地上地下生态系统功能。     

Assessment of Rockburst Risk in Deep Mining: An Improved Comprehensive Index Method

With the increasing depth of underground engineering, the risk of coal–rock dynamic disasters such as rockburst is becoming more and more serious and complex, which seriously threatens the safety of coal resource, mine production and the surface ecological environment. However, the existing risk indices and methods used for evaluating rockburst risk cannot be fully applied to deep goal seam group (DCG) mining. For the safe exploitation of coal resources, in this paper, based on statistical analyses of 300 cases of rockburst, six new indices are proposed for evaluating rockburst risk in the DCG, namely dip angle, moisture content, stability of coal seam, advancing speed of working face, disturbance factors and support patterns. In addition, the influence of multiple factors coupling and superposition on rockburst risk was considered. Thus, the Comprehensive Index Method of rockburst risk of Deep Coal seam Group (DCG–CIM) based on analytic hierarchy process was established. Finally, rockburst risk in the evaluation area was quantitatively assessed into four grades, including “No rockburst risk”, “Weak rockburst risk”, “Medium rockburst risk” and “Strong rockburst risk”. Taking the 2233 working face of Hengda Coalmine as an example, the evaluation results show that the ranges of 0–184 m, 224–284 m, 324–384 m, 424–484 m, 524–584 m and 594–624 m from terminal line of haulage roadway on 2233 working face were the medium rockburst risk zones, which are in accordance with the on-site impact damage results and are more accurate than the traditional method. The DCG–CIM can consider more inducing factors and obtain more accurate and reliable evaluation results and is more suitable for deep coal seam group mining.

     

Heavy metal pollution from copper smelting during the Shang Dynasty at the Laoniupo site in the Bahe River valley,Guanzhong Basin,China

Heavy metal pollution is hazardous for the environment and human health. However,there are few studies of heavy metal pollution caused by historic metallurgical activity. The Laoniupo site in the Bahe River valley, Guanzhong Basin, China, was an important settlement of the Shang Culture(1600–1046 BCE). We studied two stratigraphic profiles at the Laoniupo site, which were used for measurements of magnetic susceptibility, heavy metal concentrations, and AMS ~(14) C ages to provide evidence of copper smelting activity at the site during the Shang Dynasty. The Nemerow Pollution Index and Geoaccumulation Index were calculated to assess the heavy metals record(Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cr, and As) in the topsoil on the loess tableland. According to the Single Pollution Index, the topsoil was slightly polluted by As and unpolluted by Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb and Cr; according to the Nemerow Composite Pollution Index the topsoil was mildly polluted; and according to the Geoaccumulation Index, the topsoil was moderately polluted by As, slightly polluted by Cu, and unpolluted by Zn, Ni, Pb and Cr. The main cause of the heavy metal pollution in the topsoil is the presence of copper slag in the cultural layers that was disturbed by modern farming activity.