多普勒天气雷达产品在人工增雨效果检验中的应用

利用湖南省境内的多普勒天气雷达探测资料,结合湖南省中小尺度地面降雨量资料,对催化作业前后日标云与对比云的多普勒天气雷达参数(回波顶高、最大反射率因子、垂直积分液态水含量、回波面积等)的变化特征进行对比分析.结果表明,催化后,目标云体雷达回波参数值均增大,约20～30 min后都能达到最强,而对比云增大率比目标云要小;作...     

A two-step variational method for three-dimensional wind retrieval from single Doppler radar

Summary A two-step variational method is developed to retrieve the three-dimension wind field from single-Doppler radar observation for operational applications. The first step produces a proxy background wind field, and the second step retrieves the detailed wind structures in data dense areas on a high-resolution grid. The background field is called proxy because it is obtained in the first step by a spectral analysis of the same radial-wind observations that will be used in the second step and thus the background is not independent of the observations. In the second step, the wind retrieval is constrained by the proxy background and the advection equation of liquid water content in the cost function. Tested with a dataset collected during Meiyu front heavy rainfall on 22 July 2002 in China, the two-step approach is shown to yield the best performance in comparison with a single-step approach that uses either only the proxy background field or the retrieval without the proxy background.     

1961—2006年内蒙古年平均气温突变分析

利用内蒙古70个气象站1961—2006年年平均气温资料,分析了近46年来内蒙古气温变化趋势。采用滑动t检验、Mann-Kendall和累积距平曲线3种检验方法对全区年平均气温进行检验分析,揭示了在50年时间尺度上,内蒙古气温存在明显的增暖突变的事实,突变点在1987年。并指出:气温突变后内蒙古气候显著变暖,与突变前相比有明显差异。     

Kinetics of the Reaction of Hydroxyl Radicals with CH2Br2 and its Implications in the Atmosphere

Rate constants for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with dibromomethanehave been measured by discharge flow-resonance fluorescence technique(DF-RF) over the temperature range 288–368 K. The derived Arrheniusequation is k₁=(1.51 ± 0.37)× 10^-12 exp(-(720 ±60)/T) cm³ molec.^-1 s^-1.The tropospheric lifetime of dibromomethane has been estimated to be 0.29years. An ozone depletion potential (ODP) value of 0.10 for dibromomethanehas been obtained.     

基于MODIS增强型植被指数的青海省牧草产量估产研究

利用青海省22个生态环境监测站在2003和2004年牧草生长季内各月所测的牧草鲜草产量数据,并搜集了该时段内逐日的MODIS遥感数据,通过对图像的预处理,云区识别,植被指数的计算及月最大植被指数的合成,形成了与牧草产量数据相对应的MODIS EVI数据。然后按牧草生长季和草地类型建立了牧草鲜草产量与MODIS植被指数的关系模型。结果表明,牧草产量和MODIS EVI之间存在较高的相关性,用指数函数建立产量模型效果较好。按牧草生长季建立的牧草产量检测模型比按草地类型建立的模型相关性要高。     

地基傅立叶红外高光谱遥感观测大气成分平台建设及其反演技术研究

利用国际大气成分地基观测网络(NDACC)通用的德国BRUKER公司生产的傅立叶红外(FTIR)高分辨率地基光谱仪器IFS 120M,在国家卫星中心建立了地基高光谱观测平台,进行高光谱数据获取及其反演技术初步研究.阐述了地基高光谱观测平台的建设,高光谱仪器的调试和观测参数化研究结果,并且阐述了光谱的预处理和定标研究,利用地基高光谱在可见光波段的观测结果,进行了气溶胶光学厚度反演技术的初步研究.     

A three-dimensional satellite retrieval method for atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles

A three-dimensional variational method is proposed to simultaneously retrieve the 3-D atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles from satellite radiance measurements. To include both vertical structure and the horizontal patterns of the atmospheric temperature and moisture, an EOF technique is used to decompose the temperature and moisture field in a 3-D space. A number of numerical simulations are conducted and they demonstrate that the 3-D method is less sensitive to the observation errors compared to the 1-D method. When the observation error is more than 2.0 K, to get the best results, the truncation number for the EOF＇s expansion have to be restricted to 2 in the 1-D method, while it can be set as large as 40 in a 3-D method. This results in the truncation error being reduced and the retrieval accuracy being improved in the 3-D method. Compared to the 1-D method, the rms errors of the 3-D method are reduced by 48% and 36% for the temperature and moisture retrievals, respectively. Using the real satellite measured brightness temperatures at 0557 UTC 31 July 2002, the temperature and moisture profiles are retrieved over a region （20°-45°N, 100°- 125°E） and compared with 37 collocated radiosonde observations. The results show that the retrieval accuracy with a 3-D method is significantly higher than those with the 1-D method.     

大气短波辐射传输研究中的辐射函数

研究大气短波辐射传输问题时,必需考虑多次散射,在计算各次散射光的递推方程中存在一个对光学厚度的特殊积分.为此,本文定义了“辐射函数”,并研究了它的数学性质,从而使得平面平行大气中散射光的逐次计算既准确又简便.     

北京等7个气象台站太阳总辐射观测资料的准确度评估

基于地面太阳短波总辐射对气溶胶光学特性和地表反照率的敏感性, 该文提出了一个评估我国气象台站总辐射资料准确度的方法。该方法选用气溶胶光学厚度和太阳天顶角较小情形下的晴天辐射资料, 从太阳直射辐射反演气溶胶光学厚度, 用于计算宽带透过率, 再从该透过率和总辐射资料反演太阳常数E_{0, P}, 并采用E_{0, P}对世界辐射基准 (WRR) 的偏差表示总辐射资料的不确定性。模拟结果表明:气溶胶折射率虚部和大气柱水汽含量的输入误差是两个主要的评估不确定因子。用于准确度评估的资料越多, 越有利于平滑气溶胶、水汽含量等输入参数随机误差的效应, 评估结果越合理。应用这一方法, 该文评估了2000— 2004年我国沈阳、额济纳旗、北京、乌鲁木齐、格尔木、上海和广州7个气象台站总辐射资料的准确度。7个站共有1161个太阳常数反演值, 都满足太阳天顶角余弦 (μ₀) 大于0.7的条件。这些E_{0, P}值对WRR的最大偏差为7.33%, 97.78%的E_{0, P}值对WRR的偏差小于5%, 总平均E_{0, P}值对WRR偏差只有-1.15 %。依据这些结果, 当μ₀≥0.7时, 这些台站的晴天总辐射资料的不确定度估计为5%。     

Disequilibria between 210Po and 210Pb in surface waters of the southern South China Sea and their implications

Activities of the naturally occurring radionuclides, ²¹⁰Pb and ²¹⁰Po, were measured in both dissolved (<0.45 μm) and particulate (>0.45 μm) phases from surface waters of the southern South China Sea. The average activity of particulate ²¹⁰Pb, 0.23 Bq/m³ (n=23), accounted for about 12% of the total ²¹⁰Pb, which corresponds with values of open oceans. Particulate ²¹⁰Po, with an average activity of 0.43 Bq/m³, accounted for about 40% of the total ²¹⁰Po, which was much higher than those of open and eutrophic oceans. The residence times of total ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb in surface waters estimated from an irreversible steady-state model were 0.82 a and 1.16 a, respectively. The consistently high fractionation factor calculated either by scavenging rate constants (5.42) or K_d values (6.69) suggested that a significant fractionation occurred between ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb during their removal from solution to particles and that the two radionuclides had different biogeochemical cycling pathways in the oligotrophic South China Sea. Furthermore, our results indicated that there exist different fractionation mechanisms between ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb in different marine environments: in eutrophic ocean, plankton detritus and fecal pellets are the main carrier of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb, by which ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb have been scavenged and removed; while in oligotrophic ocean, microbes could become the main carrier of ²¹⁰Po and fractionate ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb significantly as a result of scarce plankton detritus and fecal pellets. These results suggest the use of ²¹⁰Po to trace marine biogeochemical processes relating to microbial activities and the cycling of sulfur group elements (S, Se, Te and Po).