北武夷蔡家坪铅锌矿床硫化物特征、矿床成因类型及成矿时代

北武夷蔡家坪矿床是近年来新发现的一个中型铅锌矿床.矿床赋矿围岩为侏罗系水北组(J1s)、漳平组(J2z)砂岩,铅锌矿体多产在断裂旁侧破碎带及流纹斑岩与砂岩接触带.在野外调查基础上,通过显微镜下观察及电子探针分析,对矿区主要金属硫化物进行了细致研究.初步将成矿过程划分为沉积成矿期、岩浆热液期与表生期,其中岩浆热液期包括中...     

北京市地面塌陷特征与致灾因子分析

年北京地面塌陷呈波动式上升趋势,威胁严重.在讨论其孕灾环境和时空分布特征的基础上,分析引起地面塌陷的因素.研究把此区地面塌陷分为采矿地面塌陷和工程地面塌陷两种类型.采矿地面塌陷主要分布于西山门头沟,致灾因子包括开采深度、矿体倾角、降雨、和大量疏排水.工程地面塌陷主要分布于城区,致灾因子包括管线渗漏与侵蚀、地下水过度开采...     

支点法分析桩锚体系及基于监测的参数反演

以变形作为控制条件的基坑支护结构设计是一个十分复杂的工程问题,由于支点法具有计算模式明确、过程简单的优点,受到广大工程设计人员的欢迎。但是,支点法中土抗力系数卅的选取是工程界的一大难题,在支点法计算中m值选取的准确性直接影响支护结构位移和内力的计算结果,所以将支点法建模及反分析方法应用于实际工程,在开挖过程中考虑了支撑变形的非线性,开发了FORTRAN程序对支护结构进行了反演计算。通过反演分析m值并预测支护结构的变形,实现支护动态设计信息化施工。结果表明,位移反分析法进行深基坑工程中的参数反演与位移预测取得比较好的效果,说明该方法在深基坑开挖反演、预测方面是合理可行的。     

Structure and stratigraphy of the Teplá–Barrandian Neoproterozoic,Bohemian Massif: A new plate-tectonic reinterpretation

The Teplá–Barrandian unit (TBU) of the Bohemian Massif exposes a section across the once extensive Avalonian–Cadomian belt, which bordered the northern active margin of Gondwana during late Neoproterozoic. This paper synthesizes the state-of-the-art knowledge on the Cadomian basement of the TBU to redefine its principal component units, to revise an outdated stratigraphic scheme, and to interpret this scheme in terms of a recent plate-tectonic model for the Cadomian orogeny in the Bohemian Massif. The main emphasis of this paper is on an area between two newly defined fronts of the Variscan pervasive deformation to the NW and SE of the Barrandian Lower Paleozoic overlap successions. This area has escaped the pervasive Variscan (late Devonian to early Carboniferous) ductile reworking and a section through the Cadomian orogen is here superbly preserved.The NW segment of the TBU consists of three juxtaposed allochthonous belts of unknown stratigraphic relation (the Kralovice–Rakovník, Radnice–Kralupy, and Zbiroh–?árka belts), differing in lithology, complex internal strain patterns, and containing sedimentary and tectonic mélanges with blocks of diverse ocean floor (meta-)basalts. We summarize these three belts under a new term the Blovice complex, which we believe represents a part of an accretionary wedge of the Cadomian orogen.The SE segment of the TBU exposes the narrow Pi?ín belt, which is probably a continuation of the Blovice complex from beneath the Barrandian Lower Paleozoic, and a volcanic arc sequence (the Davle Group). Their stratigraphic relation is unknown. Flysch units (the ?těchovice Group and Svrchnice Formation) overlay the arc volcanics, and both units contain material derived from volcanic arc. The former was also sourced from the NW segment, whereas the latter contains an increased amount of passive margin continental material. In contrast to the Blovice complex, the flysch experienced only weak Cadomian deformation.The new lithotectonic zonation fits the following tectonic scenario for the Cadomian evolution of the TBU well. The S- to SE-directed Cadomian subduction beneath the TBU led to the involvement of turbidites, chaotic deposits, and 605 ± 39 Ma ocean floor in the accretionary wedge represented by the Blovice complex. The accretionary wedge formation mostly overlapped temporally with the growth of the volcanic arc (the Davle Group) at ~ 620–560 Ma. Upon cessation of the arc igneous activity, the rear of the wedge and some elevated portions of the arc were eroded to supply the deep-water flysch sequences of the ?těchovice Group, whereas the comparable Svrchnice Formation (~ 560 to < 544 Ma) was deposited in a southeasterly remnant basin close to the continental margin. The Cadomian orogeny in the TBU was terminated at ~ 550–540 Ma by slab breakoff, by final attachment of the most outboard ~ 540 Ma oceanic crust, and by intrusion of ~ 544–524 Ma boninite dikes marking the transition from the destructive to transform margin during the early/middle Cambrian.     

Recent plumbing system of the Krakatau volcano revealed by teleseismic earthquake distribution

Spatial and temporal analysis of global seismological data 1964–2005 reveals a distinct teleseismic earthquake activity producing a columnar-like formation in the continental wedge between the Krakatau volcano at the surface and the subducting slab of the Indo-Australian plate. These earthquakes occur continuously in time, are in the body-wave (m _b) magnitude range 4.5–5.3 and in the depth range 1–100 km. The Krakatau earthquake cluster is vertical and elongated in the azimuth N30°E, suggesting existence of a deep-rooted fault zone cutting the Sunda Strait in the SSW-NNE direction. Possible continuation of the fault zone in the SW direction was activated by an intensive 2002/2003 aftershock sequence, elongated in the azimuth of N55°E. Beneath the Krakatau earthquake cluster, an aseismic gap exists in the Wadati-Benioff zone of the subducting plate at the depths 100–120 km. We interpret this aseismic gap as a consequence of partial melting inhibiting stress concentration necessary to generate stronger earthquakes, whereas the numerous earthquakes observed in the overlying lithospheric wedge beneath the volcano probably reflect magma ascent in the recent plumbing system of the Krakatau volcano. Focal depth of the deepest events (~100 km) of the Krakatau cluster constrains the location of the primary magma generation to greater depths. The ascending magmatic fluids stress fault segments within the Sunda Strait fault zone and change their friction parameters inducing the observed tectonic earthquakes beneath Krakatau.     

阿尔金山东段大平沟地区褶皱构造的特征及其成因

大平沟地区位于北东向阿尔金走滑断裂北侧与东西向阿尔金北缘断裂所夹持的区域。区内出露卓阿布拉克组火山-沉积岩系,其中以灰黑色粉砂质泥岩为代表的沉积岩系出露宽度3～5km,是相邻20km的东侧喀腊大湾地区出露厚度（约1km）的3～5倍。通过野外详细的地质调查,特别是运用小褶皱分析方法、褶皱层理与轴面劈（片）理关系判别分析方法,首次对阿尔金山东段大平沟地区的卓阿布拉克组火山-沉积岩系中的沉积岩夹层沿剖面开展追索研究,恢复了大平沟地区褶皱构造的轮廓,并对其成因进行初步探讨。认为南侧喀腊达坂-阿克达坂断裂以南的元古宇碳酸盐岩系较强硬的岩层、北侧阿尔金北缘断裂以北的太古宇结晶基底的刚性岩块、以灰黑色粉砂质泥岩为代表的细碎屑岩的柔性特点、冰沟岩体隆升造成其东侧盖层向东收缩是基础,而北北东向区域挤压构造应力场作用下北东东向卓阿布拉克断裂的左行走滑造成的卓阿布拉克组沉积岩系西端的侧向挤压是褶皱形成的直接原因。     

Complex system approach to interpretation of monitoring time series: two case histories from NW Bohemia

Ever wider implementation of information technologies is flooding us by monitoring data. To an efficient risk management, those data have to be processed and assessed in the same rate as they are recorded and transported. Paper demonstrates some methods dealing with intrinsic, nonlinear dynamics of slope system for computerized safety assessment of monitoring time series, their modeling and early warning launching. Analysis and modeling of phase changes – i.e. specific transient states between different developmental stages of dynamics of unstable slope systems, enabled to fix new types of precursors for rock fall warning and to enhance time prediction of rock fall occurrence. Mathematically well based, novel numerical and topological methods from the toolbox of complex system theory were successfully implemented to that challenge. Their pattern-recognition ability, i.e., diagnostic sensitivity, and more realistic results of modeling of time series relevant patterns have reached beyond ranges of regularly used—both the idea- and the data-driven—methods. Moreover, results yielded by phase space analyses are in good agreement with the ones by numerical fractal analyses. Obtained results have strengthened the primary, mainly theoretically based hypothesis; the dynamics of an unstable rock slope has to be considered as behavior of nonlinear, dissipative, non-equilibrium, self-organizing complex system. Correspondingly to the theoretical assumptions, two qualitatively different types of slope system dynamics—near to equilibrium and far from equilibrium states, were identified. All field monitoring data used originated in practice of highly automated, integrated IT system of monitoring assessment, and management of rock fall hazard at sandstone rock walls in the NW Bohemia.     

Mechanism of cultivation soil degradation in rocky desertification areas under dry/wet cycles

Karst rocky desertification is a process of land degradation involving serious soil erosion, extensive exposure of basement rocks. It leads to drastic decrease in soil productivity and formation of a desert-like landscape. In this regard, changes in climatic conditions are the main origin of the soils degradation. Indeed, soils subjected to successive dry/wet cycling processes caused by climate change develop swelling and shrinkage deformations which can modify their water retention properties, thus inducing the degradation of soil–water capacity. The ecological characteristics of cultivation soils in karst areas, Southwest of China, are extremely easy to be affected by external environmental factors due to its shallow bedding and low vegetation coverage. Based on the analysis of the climate (precipitation) of this region during the past decades, an experimental study has been conducted on a cultivated soil obtained from the typical karst area in southwestern China. Firstly, the soil–water properties have been investigated. The measured soil–water retention curve shows that the air-entry value of the soil is between 50 and 60 kPa, while the residual saturation is about 12%. Based on the experimental results, three identifiable stages of de-saturation have been defined. Secondly, a special apparatus was developed to investigate the volume change behavior of the soil with controlled suction cycles. The vapor equilibrium technique was used for the suction control. The obtained results show that under the effect of dry/wet cycles, (1) the void ratio of the cultivated soil is continuously decreasing, leading to a gradual soil compaction. (2) The permeability decreases, giving rise to a deterioration of water transfer ability as well as a deterioration of soil–water retention capacity. It is then obvious that the long-term dry/wet cycling process caused by the climate change induce a continuously compaction and degradation of the cultivated soil in karst rocky desertification areas.     

An empirical formula for friction coefficient of a perforated wall with vertical slits

The friction coefficient in the permeability parameter of a perforated wall has been estimated on the basis of a best fit between measured and predicted values of such hydrodynamic coefficients as reflection and transmission coefficients. In the present study, an empirical formula for the friction coefficient is proposed in terms of known variables, i.e., the porosity and thickness of the perforated wall and the water depth. This enables direct estimation of the friction coefficient without invoking a best fit procedure. To obtain the empirical formula, hydraulic experiments are carried out, the results of which are used along with other researchers' results. The proposed formula is used to predict the reflection and transmission coefficients of various types of structures including a perforated wall. The concurrence between the experimental data and calculated results is good, verifying the appropriateness of the proposed formula. It is also shown that the proposed formula can be used for irregular waves as well.