X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤和沉积物中的锰

X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)是测定土壤和沉积物中锰的重要方法,具有制样简单、非破坏性测定、检测速度快等优点。目前用于建立工作曲线的土壤和沉积物标准物质的锰含量最高为2490mg/kg,采用XRF法测定受污染土壤和沉积物中的锰含量时易超出工作曲线测定范围。本文将锰标准溶液定量加入到土壤标准物质中,制备锰含量更高的校准样品,工作曲线的测定上限范围由2490mg/kg提高至3780mg/kg。该方法测定不同含量标准物质中锰含量的结果均在认定值范围内,实际样品的加标回收率为97.8%～108.3%,高含量锰的实际样品测定值与电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定值的相对偏差小于5.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于0.4%(n=7)。实验结果表明该法测定锰含量高的土壤和沉积物的准确度和精密度良好。     

水中可溶气态烃和苯系物联测的新技术

地下水中的可溶气态烃和苯系物是水化学找油法的直接指标。应用直接抽取法,在色谱仪上同时测试C1—C4的烃类气体和苯系物,与传统的测试方法相比,具有无毒、无污染、简便、快速、灵敏度高、重现性好、自动化程度高的特点,有较高的实用价值。     

塔里木盆地塔河地区海西晚期火山岩构造特征与油气成藏

通过地震剖面解释,根据断裂的切割层位将研究区火山岩断裂分为3类,即深层断裂、浅层断裂、火山岩内部微断裂。通过编制这3类断裂的平面展布图,对塔河地区火山岩断裂的性质、形成期次、分布特征及形成机理进行了分析。认为深层断裂形成于加里东期-海西期,以逆冲断层为主,走向呈NNE、NE、NNW3组,断裂主要分布于塔河火山岩发育区北部、西北部。浅层断裂形成于燕山期-喜马拉雅期,以正断层为主,断裂走向呈NE、NNE向,主要分布于盐边地带和东南部盐上火山岩分布区。火山岩内部的微断裂在顶部较底部发育,主要分布于塔河地区西部的火山岩中。根据火山岩储层和构造成因类型,将塔河地区火山岩划分为3种圈闭类型,即:构造裂缝和淋滤风化共同控制的圈闭、古凸起不整合遮挡和抬升淋滤风化共同控制的圈闭、埋藏溶蚀和构造裂缝共同控制的圈闭。分析了火山岩圈闭顶部的盖层条件和火山岩的油气成藏条件,认为三叠系底部柯吐尔组泥岩可形成有效的区域性封盖,塔河地区火山岩具有良好的油气成藏条件。     

河北小营盘石英—碳酸盐型金矿床成矿作用

石英—碳酸盐型金矿床是金的主要来源之一,在绿岩带金矿中占有重要地位。绿岩带金矿成矿时代古老(2.5—2.9 Ga),规模巨大,矿物成分简单而且稳定,发育石英、铁白云石或铁菱镁矿、绢云母、黄铁矿等围岩蚀变。而且铁白云石化蚀变在绿岩带金矿成矿中起重要作用,与韧性剪切带关系密切,铁白云石δ~(13)C值为-4±2‰,可能是地幔来源的标志。本项研究发现,小营盘金矿的铁白云石蚀变作用,携带了大量金等成矿物质沿着SN向张扭性断裂交代早期含金石英脉和糜棱岩,共同构成金的富矿体;含金铁白云石蚀变岩的δ~(13)C值平均为—4.13‰,Pb—Pb等时线年龄为2711±238 Ma。结合矿床产出的构造背景和成矿特征,可以初步确定小营盘金矿属于高级变质的绿岩带金矿,这是我国金矿地质学研究的一项新进展,希望有助于华北陆台与绿岩带有关矿产的研究和找矿及国际对比。     

雪峰山陆内造山带的构造特征与演化

在对雪峰山的地质构造及其演化作了研究,并和阿尔卑斯式、阿巴拉契亚式的造山带和远程推覆体作了对比研究以后,作者认为：雪峰山地区的地质构造以具有多期,多层次的层滑构造为主要特色。其主要特征表现为在垂向剖面上有着多个区域性滑脱层,发育株罗山式褐挣矣逆冲叠瓦推覆构造,但它不是阿巴拉契式远程异地推覆体而是准原地型的。逆掩推覆虽然使原来沉积相带变窄,但并未破坏原来扬子地块东南边缘自北西向南东的由台地相－－斜坡相－－深水盆地相的沉积古地理格局,它是陆内造山带常见的构造样式,是在陆内裂陷的背景上由于裂谷关闭时陆块拼贴碰撞(即所谓软碰撞)和陆内俯冲产生的。雪峰山地区也发育伸展剥离和滑覆构造,伴随每一次挤压造山、地壳加厚的过程,在后造山期,也有地壳的隆升、地壳的拉伸和厚度减薄,它是深部岩石圈拆沉作用在地壳中的表现。     

Spatial variability of soil moisture content and its relation to environmental indices in a semi-arid gully catchment of the Loess Plateau, China

The degree of spatial variability of soil moisture and the ability of environmental attributes to predict that variability were studied at the Da Nangou catchment (3·5 km²) in the semi-arid loess area of China. Soil moisture measurements were performed biweekly at five depths in the soil profile (0–5 cm, 10–15 cm, 20–25 cm, 40–45 cm and 70–75 cm) from May to October 1998 and from May to September 1999 using Delta-T theta probe. Results indicated that with increasing soil depth, the mean soil moisture content increases significantly for five layers and the coefficients of variation (CV) also increases with depth from 10–15 cm. It was observed that heavier rains and higher mean moisture contents are often associated with lower spatial variability (CV). Environmental attributes such as land use and topography play controlling roles in the spatial distribution of soil moisture content. However, the relative roles of these environmental indices vary with soil depth. The dominant controls on spatial variability of the time-averaged soil moisture changes from land use, aspect, relative elevation and hillslope position in the surface soil (0–5 cm) to relative elevation, hillslope position and aspect in the subsurface soil (10–15 cm, 20–25 cm), and to land use, relative elevation and slope gradient at larger depths (40–45 cm, 70–75 cm). The dynamic behavior of influences of different environmental indices on the layer-averaged soil moisture depends on several factors. In general, the correlation of soil moisture with slope gradient shows a more significant increase following a greater amount of antecedent precipitation (except for the extremely heavy storms), and declines afterwards. The relation of soil moisture with relative elevation and hillslope position exhibits an opposite trend. It was observed that the influence of land use corresponds to the difference in vegetative characteristics, with a stronger influence in June and August with a greater difference in vegetation. A significant influence of cos(aspect) was found during early spring and autumn with a rapid transient in solar irradiation. Finally, it was found that the sample size is adequate to estimate the catchment mean soil moisture at all five depths and on all 10 observations in 1999 (81 sites), while it is only enough for the upper soil layers (0–5 cm and 10–15 cm) in 1998 (26 sites).     

Geochronology and geochemistry of Cenozoic basalts from eastern Guangdong, SE China: constraints on the lithosphere evolution beneath the northern margin of the South China Sea

The ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar dating reveals three episodes of basaltic volcanism in eastern Guangdong of SE China since the late Eocene (i.e., 35.5, ~20 and 6.6 Ma). The Miocene alkali olivine basalts (~20 and 6.6 Ma) have OIB-like trace element characteristics, which is coupled with low (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i, high ε_Nd(t), and high ε_Hf(t). In contrast, the late Eocene basalts (35.5 Ma) have overall characteristics of “Island Arc” basalts with strong negative Ta–Nb–Ti anomalies in the primitive mantle-normalized multi-element diagram with high (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i, negative ε_Nd(t), and relatively low ε_Hf(t). All basalts have unexpectedly high ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, delineating a DUPAL signature in the sources. The late Eocene Arc-like basalts may reflect contributions of relict ancient metasomatized mantle lithosphere that melted as the result of extension-induced asthenospheric upwelling and heating, whereas the Miocene OIB-like basalts may represent partial melting of the asthenospheric mantle beneath the thickened lithosphere. We propose that the Cenozoic basaltic volcanism in eastern Guangdong records an overall lithospheric thickening process beneath SE China, that is, a continental rift system from its maximum extension in the late Eocene to its waning in the Miocene. This interpretation is consistent with the evolution of the South China Sea, whose origin is most consistent with the development of a passive continental margin. The seafloor spreading of the South China Sea during ~ 32–16 Ma may not result from the effect of the “Hainan” mantle plume, but rather played a positive role in allowing the mantle plume to express on the surface.     

Sorption of heavy metals from aqueous solution by dehydrated powders of aquatic plants

Ruppia maritima and Echinodorus amazonicus were prepared in a dehydrated powder form. The characteristics and mechanisms of adsorption of heavy metals were studied under various pH values, reaction times, and heavy metal ion concentrations. The results showed that under different pH and reaction time conditions, heavy metal adsorption was lead > cadmium > zinc > copper. The adsorption of lead increased linearly with the lead concentration. For cadmium, zinc and copper, the adsorption was saturated when metal ion concentration exceeded 200 mg/L. When a Freundlich model was applied, R ² values for the heavy metal adsorption by the aquatic plants mostly exceeded 0.9. The adsorption of heavy metal ions by these two aquatic plant powders was better explained by the Lagergren second-order equation than the first-order equation. From the Fourier Transform Infrared spectra, there was an adsorption peak at 2,115 cm^?1 for R. maritima. The peak shape did not change with metal affiliation except there was a shift of peak wavelength before adsorption. The results indicate that the mechanism of heavy metal adsorption by the two species is not simply on the mono-molecular layer level, and that intra-particulate dispersal is the dominant process. Heavy metal pollution does not affect the basic chemical components, and major substances involved in heavy metal adsorption including carbohydrates, cell wall pectin, and protein functional groups.