“93.5”黑风暴发展期中尺度期热量和水汽收支诊断

１９９３年５月４—６日（“９３．５”）在我国西北地区发生了一次极具破坏力的“黑风暴”。为了诊断这次黑风暴发展期的热量和水汽收支，使用了具有高分辨ＰＢＬ参数化及４０ｋｍ细网络的ＭＭ４对该例控制模拟的输出资料和热量与水汽收支方程。对视热源（Ｑ１）和视水汽汇（Ｑ２）的诊断结果指出，Ｑ１的垂直积分在黑风暴的前部和后部分别呈现一条显著的加热带和冷却带。在黑风暴区，Ｑ１和Ｑ２的区域平均垂直廓线揭示，黑风暴的Ｑ１加热主要发生在对流层的上部，而其中部加热主要出现在发展初期；与Ｑ１相应，Ｑ２在低空和中空分别发生明显的增湿变冷和变干加热。这些结果不仅与因黑风暴过程而观测到的强剧强降温率一致，而且也为改进和发展用于模拟和预报黑风暴的中尺度数值模式提供了一些物理依据     

Discrete multifractals

The concept of multifractal modeling has been used intensively in various fields of science for characterizing measures with self- similarity. It has been shown that multifractal modeling provides powerful tools for characterizing patterns in the spatial distribution of geological quantities and objects. Existing multifractal models were proposed for the purpose of handling spatially intertwined fractals with continuous fractal spectrum f(α) (or continuous codimension function C(γ)). In this paper, these conventional multifractals are termed “continuous multifractals” whereas multifractals with discrete fractal dimensions are termed “discrete multifractals.” The properties of discrete multifractals are investigated. It is shown by various artificial examples and a case study of stratigraphy of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) site 645 that spatially intertwined fractals/multifractals indeed can have discrete fractal dimensions. Histogram-and moment-based techniques are proposed for discrete multifractal modeling and illustrated using the artificial examples. The new concept of discrete multifractals and associated multifractal modeling yields not only techniques for characterizing multifractals with discrete fractal dimensions but it also provides insight into the relationships between fractals, bifractals, and multifractals.     

Modeling hydrodynamics and aquaculture waste transport in coastal maine

Net-pen aquaculture results in the introduction of excess fish food and fecal matter in coastal waters. These wastes may modify the benthic environment. Mathematical models are developed in this study to simulate tidal and wind-driven currents, waves, and the resulting dispersion of fish food and fecal matter in coastal Maine, a region where limited modelling studies have been performed. Cobscook Bay and Toothacher Bay in Maine are studied in detail through the use of mathematical models and field data. We find that a systematic, site-specific, step-by-step modeling strategy involving the use of numerical models to simulate the overall hydrodynamic environment in combination with a waste-particle transport model can be an extremely powerful method of determining a priori whether aquaculture operations will cause high rates of net-pen waste accumulation at a particular site.     

博斯腾湖的水盐平衡与矿化度

博斯腾湖曾是中国内陆区最大的淡水湖，因人类活动影响约在１９６８年演变为微咸水湖。本文依据湖泊水平衡太矿化度基本原理，结合博斯滕湖实际，分析计算了该湖各个时期的水盐平衡与矿化度；经推地整理，提出了预测矿化度的计算式，经检验与实测值基本吻合。     

信息高速公路与地理信息系统——试论地理学的信息革命

综合介绍了信息高速公路及国家空间信息基础设施的基本情况、地理科学的信息化和地理信息系统的发展趋势和特点，并说明了信息高速公路对地理科学信息化及地球科学研究及应用的影响。     

试论陆壳增生的两种基本模式及其对比

大陆地壳是地球形成演化的必然产物。大陆地壳由不同时代、不同类型、不同规模地体的拼贴而增生；同时已形成的大陆地壳沿着新的断裂分裂、离散而碱小。因此大陆地壳是地体拼贴增生与分裂离散的综合结果。太古代早期，原始陆壳形成后，主要通过环太平洋型与天山型两种基本模式达到陆壳的增生。环太平洋型陆壳增生模式出现于陆块的边缘，由古大陆向大洋方向单向增生，增生年代由老到新，增生地体一般都有较大距离的移置，其增生与板块的俯冲作用密切有关。天山型陆壳增生模式出现在陆块的内部，其形成与陆块的开台作用密切有关，可以但不一定伴随有俯冲作用。当古大陆沿一定方向断裂带分裂、离散。其间形成新的海槽接受碳酸盐岩和正常陆源碎屑沉积物与来自地壳深部或地幔的火山物质。由于壳下应力条件改变，两侧古陆相向运动，海槽中物质受两侧古陆碰撞挤压，形成褶皱造山带，并把两侧的古大陆“焊接”成新的、范围更大的大陆地壳。     

四川金台子金矿床地质地球化学特征

本文根据四川省石棉县金台子金矿的地质和地球化学特征，对矿床成因进行了讨论，认为：１．成矿早期元素组合显示出与晋宁—澄江期岩浆活动相关的元素特征。主成矿期元素组合反映出与中生代花岗岩相关的元素特征，矿质元素可能主要来源于围岩—花岗岩；２．区域性断裂构造系统渗透的大气降水和地下水在地层、岩石的循环过程中，活化了其中的成矿物质变成含矿热液，在构造扩容带中沉淀成矿；３．成矿时间为２３３．０１±１９．４１Ｍａ，相当于印支运动晚期。     

分离的大陆板块边缘镁铁－超镁铁岩系Th／Hf—Ta／Hf判别

本文在论述了Ｔｈ／Ｈｆ－Ｔａ／Ｈｆ关系判别岩浆岩源区大地构造环境机理的基础上，根据世界上典型大地构造环境区岩浆岩系的Ｔｈ、Ｔａ、Ｈｆ特征，提出了分离的大陆板块边缘镁铁－超镁铁岩的Ｔｈ／Ｈｆ—Ｔａ／Ｈｆ判别标志：Ｔｈ／Ｔａ＝１．８～４．０，Ｔａ／Ｈｆ＞０．１。     

天然勃姆石热相变体γ－Al_2O_3阴离子交换－吸附模式的研究

天然勃姆石热相变体γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３第一次与含某些阴离子的化合物溶液接触时，可对这些阴离子及其配对的阳离子产生吸附作用，一旦γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３已经吸附了某些化合物，再与另外一种化合物的溶液接触时，那么，γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３吸附的阴离子及其配对的阳离于均具有可置换性。因此，γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３既具有阴离于交换－吸附性能，又具有阳离子交换－吸附性能。这种特性具有潜在应用前景。     

Multifractal modeling and spatial statistics

In general, the multifractal model provides more information about measurements on spatial objects than a fractal model. It also results in mathematical equations for the covariance function and semivariogram in spatial statistics which are determined primarily by the second-order mass exponent. However, these equations can be approximated by power-law relations which are comparable directly to equations based on fractal modeling. The multifractal approach is used to describe the underlying spatial structure of De Wijs 's example of zinc values from a sphalerite-bearing quartz vein near Pulacayo, Bolivia. It is shown that these data are multifractal instead of fractal, and that the second-order mass exponent (=0.979±0.011 for the example) can be used in spatial statistical analysis.