利用波浪折绕射模型和风浪成长公式计算临港重现期波要素

本文通过波浪折绕射模型和浅水风浪成长公式的联合计算得到了杭州湾北岸海域的不同方向、不同重现期和不同水位条件下的波浪场分布,结果表明该海域以东向浪为主。描述了50年一遇、不同方向、不同水位条件下的波浪特征。     

川西龙门山彭灌杂岩地球化学特征:岩石成因与构造意义

对位于扬子地块西缘龙门山逆冲推覆构造带中的彭灌杂岩进行了岩石地球化学研究,重点讨论了岩石成因、成岩物质来源及其构造意义。彭灌杂岩为一新元古代侵入的杂岩体,主要由中酸性侵入岩组成,其地球化学特征表现为SiO2含量变化范围较大(57.70%~71.90%),Na2O>K2O(K2O/Na2O=0.31~0.85),里特曼指数δ=1.33~2.28,A/CNK=0.93~1.08,彭灌杂岩主体属于准铝质到弱过铝质的钙碱性花岗岩类;稀土总量不高(∑REE=76.25×10-6~139.80×10-6),轻重稀土分异程度差别较大(LaN/YbN=3.86~35.23),弱负到正Eu异常(δEu=0.70~1.86);富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)Rb、Sr、Ba、K等,亏损高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta、P和Y。与正常壳源钙碱性花岗岩相比,彭灌杂岩显示出更高的Mg#值(多数>45)和Sr/Y比值(多数20.03~111.34)。通过与其毗邻的埃达克质雪隆包杂岩的比较,表明彭灌杂岩可能是底侵的幔源岩浆与下地壳熔融产物混合的结果。结合其它研究成果,认为扬子西缘新元古代大面积分布的岩浆岩形成于俯冲汇聚和火山弧构造环境。     

Effect of earth–air breathing on evaporation of deeply buried phreatic water in extremely arid regions

In extremely arid regions, deeply buried phreatic water evaporates during the daytime from March to November in the northern hemisphere. It has been found that the earth–air undergoes ‘autonomous breathing’ and ‘passive breathing’, respectively caused by the changes of temperature and atmospheric pressure. In this paper, the effects of these breathing modes on phreatic evaporation (PhE) were investigated as well as the responsible mechanisms. Quantitative estimates suggest that the direct contribution from autonomous breathing is only 0.55 g·m⁻²·yr⁻¹. Passive breathing pumps water vapour upwards from the deeply buried phreatic water table. Film water on the soil continuously migrates in pulsation from deep layers to the upper layer. Na₂SO₄ in the shallow soil absorbs moisture from the earth–air at night and decomposes during the day, forming water vapour, which is critical to the occurrence of PhE. The diurnal PhE process can be elucidated in detail by the bimodal variation in the atmospheric pressure. PhE occurs mainly from 10:00 to 17:00 during daytime from March to November, which correlates with passive breathing of the earth–air. The amplitude of atmospheric fluctuation determines the amount of earth–air that outflows, while temperature determines the water vapour concentration. In calculation, PhE is equal to the net absolute humidity (AH) times the amount of earth–air. There is 1.55 mm·year⁻¹ of PhE caused by daily peak→valley differences, and about 2.97 mm·year⁻¹ in estimation caused by numerous atmospheric fluctuations smaller than 2.84 hPa. The results coincide with the actual amount of PhE monitored of 4.52 mm·year⁻¹. Therefore, the amount of PhE is proportional to the range and frequency of fluctuation in external atmospheric pressure, and is also positively related to soil temperature, salt content, water content, porosity, and vadose zone thickness.     

孕灾机理与综合遥感结合的三峡库首顺层岩质滑坡隐患识别

隐患识别是实现地质灾害从注重灾后救助向注重灾前预防转变的重要技术工作。本文以三峡库首秭归沙镇溪镇周边岸坡段顺层岩质滑坡隐患识别为基础,提出基于孕灾机理与综合遥感相结合的地质灾害隐患识别方法。首先,借助资料整理分析、遥感调查和现场调查等查明孕灾环境,并建立孕灾指标体系;其次,针对典型灾害体开展地质结构与致灾机理分析,以揭示典型孕灾模式,并建立综合遥感判识标志;再次,采用易发性分区评价,结合高分光学卫星遥感与InSAR等天基遥感变化检测技术,圈定隐患识别的易发重点靶区;然后,针对高易发靶区,利用无人机摄影测量、LiDAR等空基遥感技术识别疑似隐患体;最后,通过地面核查与专家判识,确认并圈定地质灾害隐患。利用该套技术方法,在工作区内共识别出8处地质灾害隐患,其中5处为具备孕灾模式但尚未出现明显变形的顺层岩质滑坡隐患体。结果表明,该套技术方法以查明孕灾环境及建立孕灾模式为核心与前提、以综合遥感探测为重要技术支撑,可以弥补目前主要依赖遥感变化探测开展隐患识别易造成精度较低甚至失效的缺陷,尤其适合于山高坡陡、植被覆盖茂密地区的隐蔽性、突发性地质灾害的隐患识别。     

Alkyl Naphthalenes and Phenanthrenes: Molecular Markers for Tracing Filling Pathways of Light Oil and Condensate Reservoirs

<正>Condensates and light oils are generally characterized by high maturity,low concentration of sterane and terpane biomarkers and low content of non-hydrocarbon fraction.As a result,some commonly-used sterane,terpane and carbazole migration parameters in conventional oil reservoirs may have a certain limitation in condensate and light oil reservoirs for their poor signal-noise ratios in the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Naphthalene,phenanthrene and their methylated substituents,however,are present in significant concentrations in condensates and light oils.Taking the Fushan depression(in the Beibuwan Basin,Northern South China Sea) as an example, this paper attempts for the first time to use polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH)-related parameters to trace migration directions and filling pathways for condensate and light oil reservoirs.The result shows that TMNr(i.e.1,3,7-TMN/(1,3,7-TMN + 1,2,5-TMN),TMN:trimethylnaphthalene)),MPI-1 (i.e.1.5×(2-MP + 3-MP)/(P + 1-MP + 9-MP),P:phenanthrene MP:methylphenanthrene),MN/DMN (Σmethylnaphthalene/Σdimethylnaphthalene,%) and MN/TMN(Σmethylnaphthalene/Σtrimethylnaphthalene, %) can be used to trace the filling pathways of condensate and light oil reservoirs.These parameters,together with geological consideration and other bulk oil properties(e.g.the gas to oil ratio and density),suggest that the condensates and light oils in the Huachang oil and gas field are mainly sourced from the Bailian sag that is located to the northeast of the Huachang uplift in the Fushan depression.     

古河道储层构型层次分析法——以孤岛油田馆陶组曲流河为例

以胜利油区孤岛油田11J11密井网区曲流河储层为例,在曲流河野外露头和现代沉积原型模型研究成果的基础上,应用岩心、测井及动态等资料,探索了一套曲流河地下储层构型分析方法。在基于构型分析的精细等时地层对比及单井构型要素解释的基础上,采用"层次分析"和"模式拟合"的研究思路,按复合曲流带、单一曲流带、单一点坝以及点坝内部侧积体的4个层次进行模式拟合,对曲流河各级次构型单元内部结构进行系统分析。拟合结果既符合曲流河沉积成因理论,又与研究区动态资料吻合,说明研究成果是可靠的,由此建立了真正意义上的三维储层构型模型,再现了曲流河点坝内部泥质侧积层空间分布特征,为分析油田开发后期储层构型控制的剩余油分布规律提供了科学依据,该方法对类似油田精细储层研究有较好的借鉴作用,并能推广应用。     

西藏乌柳群落特征

以一江两河流域为研究区,通过对西藏乌柳群落的典型地块设置11个标准地进行调查,分别从主要优势树种表现、物种组成、物种多样性、林分生长、地径结构、树高结构和树高-地径曲线等方面,分析了西藏乌柳群落的主要群落学和测树学特征。研究结构表明,1.西藏乌柳群落物种组成较为单一,群落中的物种数一般为1～4种,优势树种在群落中所占的比例较大,均大于85%;2.地径主要分布于5.0 cm以下,树高分布于1.0～5.0 m间,树高-地径服从二次曲线分布;3.由于群落物种组成较为单一,香农物种多样性指数均<1,SW和S、E的变化趋势大致相同,且与ED变化趋势相反。     

Depiction of Different Alteration Zones Using Fractal and Simulation Algorithm in Pulang Porphyry Copper Deposit,Southwest China

Natural Resources Research - This study aimed to delineate various alteration zones in the Pulang copper deposit in southwest China according to drillhole data by applying sequential Gaussian...     

Laboratory simulation of salt weathering under moderate ageing conditions: Implications for the deterioration of sandstone heritage in temperate climates

Salt weathering is a significant process affecting the deterioration and conservation of stone-built heritage in many locations and environments. While much research has focused on the impact of salt weathering under arid or coastal conditions with characteristic climatic conditions and salt types, many sites found to be experiencing salt-induced deterioration, such as sandstone rock-hewn cave temples in Gansu Province, China and sandstone buildings in the northern UK, experience high humidities, moderate temperature ranges, and different salt types. To evaluate the impact of salt weathering on sandstone-built heritage under such mild humid environmental conditions, a lab simulation experiment was designed. The experiment was carried out on three types of sandstone (used in the northern UK and Gansu Province, China) and utilized a realistic diurnal humidity and temperature cycle (85% RH/16°C + 60% RH/22°C), and three widespread damaging salts, that is, Na₂SO₄, MgSO₄, and the mixture of Na₂SO₄–MgSO₄. The nature and extent of deterioration was monitored by photography, weight loss, and the changes in petrophysical properties measured using hardness, ultrasonic pulse velocity (P-wave velocity), water absorption coefficient by capillarity, open porosity, and apparent density. All three sandstones were found to be susceptible to MgSO₄ and the mixture of Na₂SO₄–MgSO₄, but weakly affected by Na₂SO₄ under mild humid environmental conditions.     

基于北斗的精密单点定位估计对流层天顶延迟精度分析

通过全球导航卫星（GNSS）系统获取对流层天顶延迟对于气象和电波折射修正具有重要应用价值。利用自主研发的静态精密单点定位软件CRPPP,基于国际GNSS地球动力学服务局（IGS）发布的北斗系统（BDS）精密星历和精密钟差,给出了BDS估算天顶延迟结果。以IGS发布的全球定位系统（GPS）结果为参考对比,BDS估算天顶延迟结果平均偏差优于5mm,均方根误差（rms）优于2．3cm．同时,给出了西沙地区GPS与BDS估计结果,结果表明：利用北斗系统估计的对流层天顶延迟精度与GPS相当。