可持续发展视角下的南海岛礁评估分类

南海岛礁是南海海上合作和海洋治理的重要支点。南海岛礁的可持续发展是实现南海域内协同发展、合作治理的基石。为了多维度诊断南海岛礁可持续发展的现状,辅助岛礁科学规划,提升海洋治理能力,文章基于模糊层次分析法、熵权法与组合求权方法形成主-客观耦合求权的南海岛礁可持续发展评价方法,以永兴岛、赵述岛、南薰礁、美济礁、渚碧礁、永暑礁等南海岛礁为例,探究其可持续发展的潜力。结果表明,6个岛礁的可持续发展价值量排序为：永兴岛＞永暑礁＞美济礁＞渚碧礁＞赵述岛＞南薰礁。6个岛礁均具备可持续发展的潜力,但各个岛礁的发展状态差异很大,各维度的发展程度各不相同。综合评价结果和岛礁实地状况,分析南海岛礁发展的优势领域与薄弱环节,为南海岛礁规划了区域性中心、综合保障、特色产业、国防维权的发展方向。建议永兴岛和永暑礁发展为区域性现代化与智能化的绿色示范岛礁;美济礁发展海洋产业与后勤保障,完善海上交通设施建设,提供国际公共产品与服务;赵述岛与渚碧礁以渔业发展为中心,注重产业结构与布局规划,形成特色产业模式;南薰礁提升安全维护能力,完善岛礁建设,提升国防维权功能。     

Research progress on behaviors and environmental effects of mercury in the cryosphere of the Tibetan Plateau:a critical review

The behavior and fates of environmental pollutants within the cryosphere and the associated environmental impacts are of increasing concerns in the context of global warming.The Tibetan Plateau(TP),also known as the"Third Pole",represents one of the most important cryospheric regions in the world.Mercury(Hg)is recognized as a global pollutant.Here,we summarize the current knowledge of Hg concentration levels,pools and spatio-temporal distribution in cryospheric environments(e.g.,glacier,permafrost),and its transfer and potential cycle in the TP cryospheric region.Transboundary transport of anthropogenic Hg from the surrounding heavily-polluted regions,such as South and Southeast Asia,provides significant sources of atmospheric Hg depositions onto the TP cryosphere.We concluded that the melting of the cryosphere on the TP represents an increasing source of Hg and brings a risk to the TP environment.In addition,global warming acts as an important catalyst accelerating the release of legacy Hg from the melting cryosphere,adversely impacting ecosystems and biological health.Furthermore,we emphasize on the remaining gaps and proposed issues needed to be addressed in future work,including enhancing our knowledge on some key release pathways and the related environmental effects of Hg in the cryospheric region,integrated observation and consideration of Hg distribution,migration and cycle processes at a key region,and uses of Hg isotopic technical and Hg models to improve the understanding of Hg cycling in the TP cryospheric region.     

基于数据包络分析法的陕西气象资源效率评估

将数据包络分析法（DEA）应用于陕西气象资源效率评估,计算全省气象行业2007—2009年运行的综合效率值、技术效率值和规模效率值,得出综合效率和规模效率有所下降,而技术效率有所提升。其中,2009年技术效率均值为3年来最高,而2007年技术效率值为3年来最低。构造基于面板数据的气象计量经济模型对各影响效率的因素进行计量分析,气象服务用户群及公众满意度指数、农业产出GDP值占区域GDP总值的比重和资金投入强度与气象部门产出的综合效率值呈正向关系,学术论文发表数量与综合效率值呈反向关系。据此提出提升资源效率有效性的对策。     

Late Cenozoic tectonic activity and its significance in the Northern Junggar Basin,Northwestern China

The Dingshan area located in the northern part of the Junggar Basin of northwestern China is a significant prospect area for sandstone-type uranium deposits in China, where mainly Cenozoic rocks were deposited. The Cenozoic strata can be divided into four units according to the prior data and our own field observation. Sedimentary studies indicate that most Cenozoic strata were deposited under a hot and arid climate in a continental environment. The sedimentary facies are alluvial-fan, meandering-fluvial, and fluvio-lacustrine. Field investigation and interpretation of satellite images suggest that Cenozoic tectonics in the area is characterized by reactivation of early deep-seated thrusts, resulting in extensional fractures and formation of many small depressions in the shallow crustal level. Measurement of joint orientations suggests that regional shortening direction trends in north–south in the middle Pleistocene as indicated by the ESR (Electronic Spin Resonance) age of 0.1–0.4 Ma obtained from fault gouge and gypsum deposits. A four-stage sedimentation-tectonic evolution model of the northern Junggar Basin during the Late Cenozoic can be established based on reconstruction of sedimentary filling processes and Cenozoic tectonic movements. We suggest that landform evolution and groundwater movement are controlled by active tectonics, indicating that Late Cenozoic tectonic activities may also play important roles in the formation of sandstone-type uranium deposits. Therefore, a new metallogenic model for sandstone-type uranium deposits is proposed.     

湖北神农架大九湖泥炭地泥炭藓共生细菌群落分析

对采自湖北神农架大九湖泥炭地泥炭藓(Sphagnum palustre)样品进行了不同预处理,之后提取微生物基因组DNA,构建克隆文库进而对泥炭藓共生菌的群落结构进行分析.菌落培养实验和荧光定量PCR结果显示,双氧水能杀死泥炭藓表面附生的微生物及破坏部分DNA,为研究泥炭藓内共生细菌提供一定的途径.群落组成分析结果表明双氧水处理后,所获得的细菌克隆文库的群落特征发生了改变,主要表现在细菌种类的减少及各菌门所占比率的变化上:NTX-0中酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和变形杆菌门(Proteaobacteria)百分比含量分别位居第一和第二,而经过双氧水进行表面除菌后NTX-0-degerming中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占了绝对优势;而在NTX-2-degerming中,蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)占绝对主导地位,细菌的群落多样性明显降低,细菌种类减少.系统发育分析表明与泥炭藓内共生的细菌一方面能适应大九湖泥炭湿地酸性、贫营养的环境,另一方面能为泥炭藓提供碳源、氮源,从而参与泥炭湿地的元素循环.尤其值得注意的是在内共生菌中发现了Ⅱ型甲烷氧化菌,证实了甲烷氧化菌与泥炭藓的内共生关系,暗示着这类细菌通过自身的代谢进而影响全球碳循环的潜在意义.此外,首次报道了利用细菌的通用引物扩增出了大量泥炭藓叶绿体的序列,这可能为叶绿体内共生学说提供佐证.     

重庆凉风垭天然气富集区上覆菜园土壤甲烷氧化细菌群落分析

对重庆市凉风垭地区一具有天然气泄漏的菜园土壤进行采样,利用16S rDNA克隆文库研究了该菜园表层及底层土壤样品中甲烷氧化细菌的群落结构,以期了解甲烷泄漏地区甲烷氧化菌的丰度、结构和组成状况,为深入探讨甲烷在该地区的循环及甲烷泄漏对环境的影响奠定基础.DNA序列分析结果显示,该天然气富集区上覆菜园地土壤中Ⅰ型甲烷氧化细菌以甲基细菌属(Methylobacter)占绝对优势,在底层样品与表层样品中所占比例存在较大差异,且底层样品中Ⅰ型甲烷氧化菌的多样性指数(1.99)比表层样品中的多样性指数(1.3)高.Ⅱ型甲烷氧化细菌仅在底层样品CD1中检测到,以甲基孢囊菌属(Methylocystis)占优势,其多样性指数为2.07,种类较Ⅰ型种类要多,这可能暗示Ⅱ型甲烷氧化细菌更能适应在土壤底层低氧、高浓度CH4条件下生存.同时,系统发育树分析显示,大部分菜园底层土壤样品中的Ⅰ型甲烷氧化细菌序列无法同已知的甲烷氧化细菌种属聚在一起,暗示该天然气富集区上覆菜园土壤中甲烷氧化细菌具有特殊性.由于Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型甲烷氧化菌对CH4的亲和力以及对CH4氧化能力的差异,天然气富集区甲烷氧化菌的群落结构研究对深入了解陆地生态系统CH4代谢具有重要意义.     

天然气水合物储集类型的测井响应特征

通过木里煤田聚乎更煤矿区四井田、哆嗦公马、雪霍立三个矿区（井田）大量测井资料的分析和研究,并结合祁连山冻土区天然气水合物DK-1科学试验孔测井资料的综合对比和解释,对煤田常规测井参数在天然气水合物储集层上的响应特征进行了分析。根据该区常年冻土（岩）的勘探成果及测井曲线响应特征,将陆源天然气水合物储集层分为生气层与储集层的相对位置、纵向位置、空间位置、储集介质等四大类,上生下储、下生上储、自生自储、冻土（岩）带内、增温带内等11个亚类。在此基础上建立了与富冰型、煤层自储型、孔隙型、裂隙型等多种储集模式对应的典型测井曲线响应特征。利用测井方法识别天然气水合物储集层的方法,可为青藏高原研究、评价、勘查、开发天然气水合物提供可靠的解释依据。     

北太平洋850和500hPa夏季副热带高压的年际和年代变化

利用NCEP\NCAR再分析位势高度场资料和Hadley中心SST资料,将北太平洋500和850hPa夏季副热带高压异常变化结合在一起进行了分析,发现夏季500和850hPa副高的位置和强度的年际和年代变化都有明显差异,并且850hPa副高远比500hPa副高稳定。上下两层除了同时增强和同时减弱外,还存在着500hPa增强850hPa减弱,以及500减弱850hPa增强等不同类型。相关分析表明,夏季500和850hPa副热带高压年际和年代异常变化与同期不同海区海表温度(SST)异常之间存在明显的关系。     

Simulation and causes of eastern Antarctica surface cooling related to ozone depletion during austral summer in FGOALS-s2

Two parallel sets of numerical experiments （an ozone-hole simulation and a non-ozone-hole simulation） were performed to investigate the effect of ozone depletion on surface temperature change using the second spectral version of the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model （FGOALS-s2）, focusing on the eastern Antarctica （EA） continent in austral summer. First, we evaluated the ability of the model to simulate the EA surface cooling, and found the model can successfully reproduce the cooling trend of the EA surface, as well as the circulation change circling the South Pole in the past 30 years. Second, we compared the two experiments and discovered that the ozone depletion causes the cooling trend and strengthens the circumpolar westerly flow. We further investigated the causes of the EA surface cooling associated with the ozone hole and found two major contributors. The first is the ozone-hole direct radiation effect （DRE） upon the surface that happens because the decrease of the downward longwave （LW） radiation overcomes the increase of the downward shortwave （SW） radiation under clear sky. The second is the cloud radiation effect （CRE） induced by ozone depletion, which happens because the decreased downward SW radiation overcomes the increased downward LW radiation in the case of increased cloud. Although the CRE is theoretically opposite to the DRE, their final net effect makes comparable contributions to the EA surface cooling. Compared with the surface radiation budget, the surface heat flux budgets have a much smaller contribution. We additionally note that the CRE is basically ascribed to the circulation change.     

The Effect of Air Density on Sand Transport Structures and the Adobe Abrasion Profile: A Field Wind-Tunnel Experiment Over a Wide Range of Altitude

Aeolian sand transport results from interactions between the surface and the airflow above. Air density strongly constrains airflow characteristics and the resulting flow of sand, and therefore should not be neglected in sand transport models. In the present study, we quantify the influence of air density on the sand flow structure, sand transport rate, adobe abrasion profiles, and abrasion rate using a portable wind-tunnel in the field. For a given wind speed, the flow’s ability to transport sand decreases at low air density, so total sand transport decreases, but the saltation height increases. Thus, the damage to human structures increases compared with what occurs at lower altitudes. The adobe abrasion rate by the cloud of blowing sand decreases exponentially with increasing height above the surface, while the wind erosion and dust emission intensity both increase with increasing air density. Long-term feedback processes between air density and wind erosion suggest that the development of low-altitude areas due to long-term deflation plays a key role in dust emission, and will have a profound significance for surface Aeolian processes and geomorphology.