MIS-3晚期以来乌伦古湖古湖相沉积记录的初步研究

通过对现代乌伦古湖附近出露的古湖相沉积剖面的AMS~(14)C测年,粒度、总有机碳、总有机氮以及碳酸盐等环境代用指标的分析及其与全新世钻孔沉积记录的对比研究,结果发现:乌伦古湖在MIS-3晚期的33600-22500 cal a BP以及冰后期至早中全新世的16500-6500 cal a BP期间,维持着湖相沉积环境,湖面约比现在湖面高40 m.33600-22500 cal a BP的MIS-3晚期,气候相对温暖,乌伦古湖呈现高湖面特征,湖泊沉积物来源以流水搬运为主;22500-16500 cal a BP的末次冰期冰盛期,气候寒冷干燥,湖泊沉积物来源以风力搬运为主;16500-6500 cal a BP的冰后期以及早、中全新世期间,气候回暖,湖泊沉积物主要来源于河流径流作用.6500-5500 cal a BP,受高温干旱事件的影响,湖面收缩、水位剧降,除沉积中心外的其它钻孔位置出现沉积中断.5500 cal a BP后气候转冷变湿,湖泊重新恢复到现在的状态.乌伦古湖MIS-3晚期以来的古湖相沉积环境变化及其反映的古气候万年尺度上的干湿变化与周边区域气候环境变化记录有很好的一致性,响应了区域环境变化和全球气候突变事件.季风和西风的强度消长变化及其引起的环流条件改变以及温度变化引起的蒸发效应可能是区域气候环境变化的主要原因.这一古湖相沉积记录的研究可为MIS-3晚期以来北疆地区的古湖泊演化以及长时间尺度上西风和季风环流相互关系及其影响区的气候环境演化提供地质证据.     

Fine‐scale intra‐ and inter‐city commercial store site recommendations using knowledge transfer

The rapid development of urban retail companies brings new opportunities to the Chinese economy. Due to the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of different cities, selecting a business location in a new area has become a challenge. The application of multi‐source geospatial data makes it possible to describe human activities and urban functional zones at fine scale. We propose a knowledge transfer‐based model named KTSR to support citywide business location selections at the land‐parcel scale. This framework can optimize customer scores and study the pattern of business location selection for chain brands. First, we extract the features of each urban land parcel and study the similarities between them. Then, singular value decomposition was used to build a knowledge‐transfer model of similar urban land parcels between different cities. The results show that: (1) compared with the actual scores, the estimated deviation of the proposed model decreased by more than 50%, and the Pearson correlation coefficient reached 0.84 or higher; (2) the decomposed features were good at quantifying and describing high‐level commercial operation information, which has a strong relationship with urban functional structures. In general, our method can work for selecting business locations and estimating sale volumes and user evaluations.     

基于权籍调查数据的小学施教区划分评价

不动产权籍调查数据的出现为教育资源空间分布和可达性分析提供了更多的选择.以无锡市梁溪区为研究区域,结合权籍调查数据和施教区信息,利用创建泰森多边形、多环缓冲区等分析工具,引入距离户数累积频率指标,对3所小学进行实例分析.研究认为,利用权籍调查数据,以幢级别的空间尺度、户室级别的属性特征,结合施教区(学区)的具体划分,使...     

Tungsten Isotopic Constraints on the Nature of Earth’s Accreting Materials

Tungsten isotope is a powerful tracer for the Earth’s accreting materials because of the distinct W isotope compositions of the non-carbonaceous meteorites and carbonaceous meteorites. To better understand the evolution of the early Earth, here we calculated the expected μ183W of the bulk silicate Earth for different assumed compositions of the proto-Earth’s mantle, the Moon-forming giant impactor, and the late veneer using a Monte Carlo approach. The result shows that the proto-Earth likely has a non-carbonaceous composition, while the carbonaceous chondrite-like materials were delivered to the Earth at the late stages of accretion. The predicted difference in μ183W values between the bulk silicate Earth and the non-carbonaceous meteorites of the scenarios assuming a pure carbonaceous composition for the giant impactor is slightly bigger than that of the scenarios assuming either a pure non-carbonaceous or a mixed carbonaceous-non-carbonaceous composition for the giant impactor (~5 ppm versus ~2 ppm). The ancient mantle reservoir that partially lacks the late veneer with carbonaceous composition should have a negative μ183W value (from ?3 to 0). Uncertainties introduced by the cosmogenic effects and mass-independent fractionation should be concerned during the high precision measurement of μ183W for meteorites and ancient terrestrial samples in further work.     

亚热带森林参数的机载激光雷达估测

通过应用机载激光雷达数据,在分析云南省中部的78块样地的基础上提出2个预测森林不同生物特性的统计模型(加权平均高度的预测模型和生物量的预测模型),并讨论了预测结果及其精确性。从激光雷达数据中提取了2组变量(树冠高度变量组和植被密度变量组)作为自变量,采用逐步回归方法进行自变量选择。结果表明,激光雷达数据与森林的平均树高和地上各部分生物量有很强的相关性。对于3种不同森林类型(针叶林,阔叶林和混交林),平均树高估测均能达到比较高的精度;生物量的估测结果是针叶林优于阔叶林,混交林的生物量与激光雷达数据则没有明显相关性。最后,对回归分析的结果和影响预测精度的因素进行讨论,认为预测结果的精度可能与森林类型、激光雷达采样时间和采样密度以及坐标误差等因素有关。     

Land use/land cover (LULC) classification with MODIS time series data and validation in the Amur River Basin

There is a need for improved and up-to-date land use/land cover (LULC) data sets over an intensively changing area in the Amur River Basin (ARB) in support of science and policy applications focused on understanding of the role and response of the LULC to environmental change issues. The main goal of this study was to map LULC in the ARB using MODIS 250-m Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Land Surface Vegetation Index (LSWI), and reflectance time series data for 2001 and 2007. Another goal was to test the consistency of the classification results using relatively coarse resolution MODIS imagery data in order to develop a methodology for rapid production of an up-to-date LULC data set. The results on MODIS land cover were evaluated using existing land use/cover data as derived from Landsat TM data. It was found that the MODIS 250-m NDVI data sets featured sufficient spatial, spectral and temporal resolution to detect unique multi-temporal signatures for the region’s major land cover types. It turned out that MODIS 250 NDVI time series data have high potential for large-basin land use/land cover monitoring and information updating for purposes of environmental basin research and management.     

On the limits of using combined U-series/ESR method to date fossil teeth from two Early Pleistocene archaeological sites of the Orce area (Guadix-Baza basin,Spain)

The combined U-series/electron spin resonance (ESR) dating method was applied to nine teeth from two Early Pleistocene archaeological sites located in the Orce area (Guadix-Baza Basin, Southern Spain): Fuente Nueva-3 (FN-3) and Barranco León (BL). The combination of biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy places both sites between the Olduvai and Jaramillo subchrons (1.78–1.07 Ma).Our results highlight the difficulty of dating such old sites and point out the limits of the combined U-series/ESR dating method based on the US model. We identified several sources of uncertainties that may lead to inaccurate age estimates. Seven samples could not be dated because the dental tissues had (²³⁰Th/²³⁴U) activity ratios higher than equilibrium, indicating that uranium had probably leached from these tissues. It was however possible to calculate numerical estimates for two of the teeth, both from FN-3. One yielded a Middle Pleistocene age that seems to be strongly underestimated; the other provided an age of 1.19 ± 0.21 Ma, in agreement with data obtained from independent methods. The latter result gives encouragement that there are samples that can be used for routine dating of old sites.     

水晶晶体中的球粒状与管状铁氧化物包裹体的形貌结构与成因

产出在四川美姑峨眉山玄武岩中的水晶有两种类型,即产出在玄武岩气孔中第一成矿阶段紫色水晶和“三色”层水晶与玄武岩层间滑（错）动裂隙或晶洞中第二成矿阶段的浅色水晶。晶体中铁氧化物包裹体为镜铁矿、赤铁矿、纤铁矿。包裹体的形貌结构有两种类型：其一具三圈层构造球粒（0.15~0.5㎜）,它由球核、球壳与表层三部分组成,球核与表层为红棕色,球壳为铁黑色,称“红夹黑”。扫描电镜（SEM）与能谱分析（EDS）表明,球壳由绕球核呈放射状排列的片状镜铁矿组成,表层为红色半透明鳞片状纤铁矿,球核由微晶赤铁矿定向聚合呈圆球形或向外伸出的圆柱形,球粒产出在“三色”层水晶的红棕色间歇层的夹层（0.4~0.7㎜）中;其二具两圈层构造的中空管,管的长轴方向垂直水晶的菱面体单形晶面方向。SEM及EDS测试表明,管中心为空管,内圈为铁黑色片状镜铁矿,外圈为厚度不一的红棕色赤铁矿,管的形貌有滴管状、钟乳状、倒葫芦状,晶出在第二成矿阶段第一世代条带状水晶的条带中。“三色”层及条带状水晶中的包裹体是强酸性氧逸度高、且热动力生长环境条件极不稳定的产物。水晶流体包裹体均一温度及拉曼光谱分析研究,水晶矿属低温热液（150~190℃）成矿,成矿流体的盐度较低, 5.7%~13.2%NaCl_eq,其中紫晶盐度最高（13.2% NaCl_eq）,条带状水晶盐度较低（6% NaCl_eq）。流体包裹体主要由H₂O和SO₂及微量CH₄组成。这项研究对了解铁氧化物生长机理、生长速率、生长环境热动力条件变化及成矿阶段划分都具重要意义,同时对研究现今表生氧化环境所形成铁氧化物种类、机理也有现实指导意义。     

西北旱区遥感影像分类的支持向量机法

针对较大范围、不同时相、不同气候和地貌类型的遥感影像的土地利用现状分类问题,提出了一种结合标准植被指数和纹理特征的支持向量机法。此方法改进了陕西延安、甘肃嘉峪关和青海果洛的遥感影像分类,有效地解决了最大似然法和BP神经网络法的缺陷造成的分类精度不高的问题。分类结果表明:与最大似然法和BP神经网络法相比,结合标准植被指数和纹理特征的支持向量机法的分类总精度最高(97.75%),Kappa系数为0.9691。该方法可为西北旱区遥感影像解译和土地资源可持续发展战略提供方法支撑。     

A hybrid parallel cellular automata model for urban growth simulation over GPU/CPU heterogeneous architectures

As an important spatiotemporal simulation approach and an effective tool for developing and examining spatial optimization strategies (e.g., land allocation and planning), geospatial cellular automata (CA) models often require multiple data layers and consist of complicated algorithms in order to deal with the complex dynamic processes of interest and the intricate relationships and interactions between the processes and their driving factors. Also, massive amount of data may be used in CA simulations as high-resolution geospatial and non-spatial data are widely available. Thus, geospatial CA models can be both computationally intensive and data intensive, demanding extensive length of computing time and vast memory space. Based on a hybrid parallelism that combines processes with discrete memory and threads with global memory, we developed a parallel geospatial CA model for urban growth simulation over the heterogeneous computer architecture composed of multiple central processing units (CPUs) and graphics processing units (GPUs). Experiments with the datasets of California showed that the overall computing time for a 50-year simulation dropped from 13,647 seconds on a single CPU to 32 seconds using 64 GPU/CPU nodes. We conclude that the hybrid parallelism of geospatial CA over the emerging heterogeneous computer architectures provides scalable solutions to enabling complex simulations and optimizations with massive amount of data that were previously infeasible, sometimes impossible, using individual computing approaches.