隧道信息化施工岩溶裂隙水超前地质预报

隧道突水是岩溶地区隧道信息化施工过程中经常遇到的一类地质灾害,给施工安全带来了重大危害和经济损失,因此,对隧道掌子面前方的岩溶裂隙水进行准确及时的超前预报,是岩溶地区隧道动态设计与信息化施工中亟待解决的重要问题,具有重要的理论意义和重大的工程实用价值。总结了隧道信息化施工中岩溶裂隙水超前预报方法,重点介绍了在水文地质分析的基础上,综合运用TSP预报系统和红外探水法两种方法对某特长公路隧道岩溶裂隙水进行了工程实例探测,收到了良好的预报效果,对类似工程具有一定的指导意义。     

华南上泥盆统法门阶哲杜斯贝动物群的埋藏学和居群动力学特征*

哲杜斯贝是一种以高丰度和低物种分异度为显著特征、在全球广泛独立分布的小嘴贝类。笔者对华南台地相和台间盆地相5个含哲杜斯贝类上泥盆统剖面进行沉积环境和埋藏特征研究,确定华南哲杜斯贝类的原生沉积环境为台地的正常浅水,这与美国和摩洛哥生长在冷泉环境中的哲杜斯贝不同,表明其既可在浅海环境中生长,也可以在冷泉环境中生长,具有较强的生态可塑性。台地相(原地埋藏)的3个哲杜斯贝种群具有以下特征:(1)均呈现出壳体呈层状紧密堆积、集群生长特点,丰度极高,并且有相当数量的个体呈现出由于拥挤生长而导致的壳体生长畸形现象;(2)缺乏其他底栖后生生物,显示了极低的生物多样性;(3)壳体大小—频率分布和生存曲线揭示了3个哲杜斯贝种群都具有非常低的幼年期死亡率特点,同时同一介壳层内哲杜斯贝个体大小均一,表明绝大多数的个体能够达到或接近自然寿命后死亡。上述证据表明,哲杜斯贝具有密集群居生活的习性,其生活在一个独特的、不适合其他后生底栖生物生存的环境。     

新一代天气雷达常用产品在我国人工影响天气工作中的应用

随着新一代天气雷达的组网建设,常用雷达产品逐渐在人工影响天气（以下简称＂人影＂）工作中发挥了重要作用。如利用反射率因子产品分析降水系统的移向、移速、强度以及降水性质等特征为人影作业指挥提供参考;利用径向速度产品选择人影作业的最佳时机和部位;利用垂直积分液态水含量产品识别冰雹云并指导防雹作业;综合应用多种雷达产品建立人影...     

Deep root of a continent-continent collision belt: Evidence from the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) deep borehole in the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure (HP-UHP) metamorphic terrane, China

The Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) deep borehole, which reached a depth of 5158 m in the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic terrane, provides a new window into the deep root of a continent-continent collision belt, and the tectonic processes by which supracrustal material is recycled into the mantle by subduction and then uplifted to the surface. Major research themes of the CCSD project were to: (1) determine the three-dimensional composition, structure and geophysical character of the deep root of this orogenic belt; (2) investigate the nature and timing of the UHP metamorphism; (3) investigate the processes of crust-mantle interaction involved in the formation and exhumation of the UHP rocks; (4) study the process of fluid circulation and mineralization during subduction and exhumation; (5) study the rheological properties of the various rocks during subduction and exhumation; (6) develop and refine dynamic models for deep subduction and exhumation of crustal rocks, and (7) establish a long-term, natural laboratory for the study of present-day crustal dynamics (e.g., stress, strain, fluid activity). The CCSD has developed precise oriented profiles of the main borehole in terms of lithology, geochemistry, oxygen isotopes, zircon SHRIMP U-Pb ages, ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar ages, deformation, rheology, mineralization, physical properties of the rocks, petrophysical logs, seismic reflections and underground fluids. The present paper summarizes the integrated research results of this project, especially the new findings concerning the deep root of a continent-continent collision.     

定州市燕家佐锶－偏硅酸天然矿泉水

饮用天然矿泉水水源地位于太行山前的唐河、大沙河冲洪积扇交叠部位。“矿水床”深度为６０～１３６ｍ，上更新统下部为石英、长石质粗砂及花岗岩、片麻岩、石英岩质的砾石、卵石。长石类矿物均有风化现象，经过与地下水化学成分的交替、溶滤作用，在地下水中某些有益组分得以富集，Ｓｒ含量０．２７～０．４７６ｍｇ／Ｌ，Ｈ＿２ＳｉＯ＿３２６．４７～３１．４１ｍｇ／Ｌ，Ｎａ９．３～１６．６ｍｇ／Ｌ，矿化度３２１～４７５ｍｇ／Ｌ，属低钠、低矿化度、锶－偏硅酸重碳酸钙型饮用天然矿泉水。其中，尚含Ｌｉ，Ｚｎ，Ｂｒ等对人体健康有益的微量元素。同位素氚的测试结果：１９．２１±５．３５ＴＵ及５．０７±３．２２ＴＵ。抽水试验结果为Ｓ＝５ｍ时，Ｑ＝３６～１９７ｍ￣３／ｈ。     

The changes of vegetation cover in Ejina Oasis based on water resources redistribution in Heihe River

The Ejina Oasis (EO), located in arid northwest China, is a typical arid area in the world. The ecosystem in the oasis has become worse since the 1990s. However, it began to improve after the Chinese government took the mandatory measure to redistribute the water in Heihe in 2000. To understand this change, the remote sensing images in 1990, 2000 and 2006 were selected, and exertion related Land Use/Cover Change (LUCC) model was employed. Results showed that: (1) non-vegetation cover was the main body of the vegetation cover in oasis, showing a trend of increase at the beginning and diminution later, while low, medium and high vegetation cover was the other way around; (2) the area of low, medium and high vegetation cover in 2006 was less than that in 1990; the status and trend index P _t of oasis vegetation cover was 0.62 in 1990–2000, which means that the oasis ecosystem of Ejina was getting worse and was under an unbalanced status; P _t was 0.27 in 2000–2006 indicating that the oasis ecosystem was restored obviously and the whole system tended to be balanced; (3) all of these changes should be attributed to the water resources redistribution in Heihe River, which played a leading role, as well as the measures and relevant policies taken by the local government, which promoted the rapid recovery of the medium and high vegetation.     

670矿床火山围岩铀赋存状态及配分研究

670矿床是中国东南部中生代火山岩带内典型的火山岩型铀钼矿床;矿床具有叠加成矿特点.本文利用诱发裂变径迹的方法研究了矿床火山围岩中铀的赋存状态及配分.结果表明火山围岩中的铀主要有三种赋存状态:(一)分布在火山基质及晶屑内均匀分散的质点铀,其裂变径迹是弥散状或弧立星射状分布;(二)吸附在蚀变矿物表面、矿物隙间及微裂隙内的聚合态铀,其裂变径迹为密集带状及团块状;(三)分布在副矿物中或呈铀矿物存在的铀,其裂变径迹为聚合星射状及团块状.矿物的蚀变过程,如绿泥石化、碳酸盐化等可改变火山围岩铀的赋存状态,造成铀在岩石中的活化和预富集,从而有利于矿化.因此火山围岩中铀的含量虽然较低,但对火山岩型铀矿的形成仍有重要意义.     

黄河上游官亭盆地红粘土层成因机制再探讨

位于官亭盆地的喇家史前灾难遗址被毁原因是近年来人们争论的焦点.笔者在野外调查和实验测试分析的基础上,对官亭盆地二级阶地上沉积的红色粘土层来源、成因机制进行了再探讨,揭示了山洪泥石流对官亭盆地喇家遗址的影响,以期为山间盆地区居民正确制定防灾减灾措施提供地质依据.主要取得了以下认识:1)官亭盆地剖面2.45m厚的红色粘土层其粒度特征以第二组分为优势组分,其中值粒径为9～11μm;磁化率值主要分布在20×10-8～40×1O-8 m3/kg之间;2)该红色粘土层与积石峡峡谷区的湖相地层在发育年龄、颜色、粒度、磁化率、土体质地结构等方面具有明显区别,反映了二者不同的成因机制,红色粘土层与积石峡堰塞湖溃决无关;3)官亭盆地北侧由于地震等作用形成的山体古崩塌、古滑坡和第三系松散粘土物质被强降水近距离冲刷搬运堆积在山前坡地,遗址毁灭的洪水来自北侧岗沟等沟谷,而非黄河泛滥的洪水;4)官亭盆地红粘土的成因可能是:地震诱发滑坡、崩塌,同时造成山体疏松,在暴雨或持续降水作用下,滑坡崩塌堆积物和山体松散物质被洪水沿沟谷携带到沟口及地势较低的黄河二级阶地沉积,地震后发生的山洪泥石流灾害造成了喇家遗址的彻底毁灭.     

岩石侵蚀速率测算方法研究综述及展望

讨论了目前应用比较广泛的几种测算岩石侵蚀速率的方法,将目前岩石侵蚀速率测算方法分为2类:一类为质量测算法,包括公式计算法、流域水化学监测法、样品称重法;另一类为几何测算法,包括微侵蚀测量仪法、对比计算法和宇宙成因核素法.探讨了各方法的测算原理、优缺点及其适用领域,质量测算法中的公式计算法和流域水化学监测法比较适用于大面积的国土监测工作;样品称重法和3类几何测算法适用于尺度较小的地学研究和文物保护、工程技术等应用领域.最后,总结了岩石侵蚀速率研究者和案例地的地理分布规律,并对岩石侵蚀速率测算研究进行了展望.     

Negative Haloes and Geochemical Field Systems of Hydrothermal Deposits1

Abstract Primary haloes of hydrothermal deposits were previously considered as positive haloes. Although it has been recently suggested that primary haloes incude positive and negative ones, almost all the research work on primary haloes has still focused on positive haloes for various reasons. In order to understand the source of ore substances a number of large hydrothermal deposits related to magmatism including porphyry, skarn and vein type deposits have been studied. It has been found that negative haloes exist on the peripheries of positive haloes of a mineral deposit. On the basis of the study the authors propose the concept of the geochemical field system of ore-forming elements of hydrothermal deposits, i. e., with the orebody as the centre outwards there occur the mineralized field, positive halo field, depleted field and background field successively.