Social capital, community based management, and fishers’ livelihood in Bangladesh

This paper examines the impact of Community Based Fisheries Management (CBFM) on fishing households’ welfare in Bangladesh. It analyses how the various types of livelihood assets contribute to fishers’ household incomes. The study found that fishers in CBFM project areas have improved their access to different assets including social, human, physical, financial and natural capitals. The regression results show that social capital contributed significantly to household income, indicating that social factors play very important roles in poverty alleviation in Bangladesh. Future poverty alleviation policy options need to give priority to investments in human, physical and natural capital assets.     

地质内、外力作用形成的堰塞湖

该文简要介绍了地震堰塞湖、火山堰塞湖、冰碛堰塞湖的形成原因及特点。     

Evolution of the Fractured Zone Above a Coal Face with a Large Mining Height: A Case Study of the Dahuangshan Coalmine,China

The characteristic of the distribution and evolution of the fractured zone has important guiding significance for gas drainage design. In this paper, the 2ZW11 face of the Dahuangshan coal mine was chosen as an engineering example, and the evolution of the fractured zone was analysed using physical and numerical simulations. The results showed that in the vertical direction, the heights of the fractured zone and the caved zone tended to be stable after the face advanced to 200 m. The heights of the two zones drawn from the physical and numerical simulations were supported by the field test. The traditional empirical formula may not be appropriate for predicting the heights of the two zones of working faces with large mining heights. In the horizontal direction, the bed-separated ratio of the overburden strata above the face position was slightly higher than that of the overburden strata above the open-off cut position. Finally, a high-level drainage was designed and undertaken in the 2ZW11 face.     

An estimation of discharge using mean velocity derived through Chiu’s velocity equation

To estimate discharge through the year (dry season and flood season), a stage–discharge curve derived through monitoring discharge in about 20 rivers or channels every year has been generally used. As revealed in many studies, however, the stage–discharge curve is inevitably affected by their hydraulic characteristics. This suggests that the use of a stage–discharge curve derived without considering hydraulic characteristics unique to a river or channel may produce significant errors in estimating discharge at not only low stage (during dry seasons) but also high stage (during flood seasons). In this study, the authors proposed a method to calculate the mean velocity and to estimate the discharge considering the hydraulic characteristics of a river or channel (e.g. the bed slope, wetted perimeter, width, kinematic viscosity, etc.); the method was developed using Chiu’s velocity equation. With the proposed method, it is possible to calculate a maximum velocity that is difficult to measure in an open channel, derive an entropy function representing the equilibrium of the channel, and thereby, estimate reliable discharge even in a flood season. To comparatively verify the utility of the proposed method, relations between the results of analysis using Manning’s and Chezy’s mean velocity equations and the values of measured discharge were addressed together. The results of analysis using lab data sets and measured data sets revealed that the proposed method was significantly more accurate in estimating discharge, even in flood seasons, when compared with the conventional method.     

FAST无线式索力传感器节点的设计制作与测试

为适应FAST项目索网结构索单元应力测量的需求,设计并制作了一种以频率法测索力理论为基础的无线式索力传感器节点。首先阐明了FAST工程中使用无线式索力传感器的必要性和优势;其次给出了频率法测索力的理论依据;重点介绍了基于MMA7260加速度计芯片的无线式索力传感器节点的硬件及软件设计;最后对传感器进行了对照实验。实验结果表明:该无线式传感器能准确拾取钢索振动信号,索内应力与一阶振动频率的一致性较好,为FAST日后施工过程的索力测量积累了经验。     

An alternative depth-integrated formulation for granular avalanches over temporally varying topography with small curvature

An alternative formulation is proposed for deriving depth-integrated equations for gravity-driven granular avalanches over a non-trivial topography with small curvature. The coordinate system of Bouchut and Westdickenberg (2004 Bouchut, F and Westdickenberg, M. 2004. Gravity driven shallow water models for arbitrary topography. Commun. Math. Sci., 2: 359–389. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) is combined with the unified coordinate (UC) method, so that it can evolve in accordance with the entrainment–deposition processes at the basal surface. The resultant mass and momentum equations are formulated as a conservation system of the Cartesian components of the conservative physical variables. The motion of the flows is driven by the basal topography-induced pressure, pressure gradient, and resisted by the basal friction. The best benefit of this formulation is that it greatly simplifies the computation of the varying coordinate orientations. The features and advantages of this formulation are illustrated by the sliding-mass examples where we simulate the motion of a finite mass of granular material sliding down an inclined chute, running through a transition zone, and being deposited onto a horizontal plane.     

水泥土搅拌桩在垃圾填埋场地基处理中的应用

水泥土搅拌桩作为加固软土地基的一种成熟方法,适用于多种成因的饱和软粘土与粉土等地基。通过工程实例,介绍了水泥土搅拌桩在用于垃圾填埋场复合地基中,提高地基承载力与减少地基沉降量,保证垃圾堆体及地基整体稳定的作用,供类似工程参考。     

采掘坑位置对珊瑚礁海岸波浪传播变形影响试验

为研究珊瑚礁坪上采掘坑位置变化对珊瑚礁海岸波浪传播变形的影响, 本文通过物理模型试验测试了采掘坑在不同位置和无坑情况下一系列不规则波工况的波浪特征。结果表明, 随着采掘坑位置朝岸线附近移动直至无坑时, 岸线附近的短波波高逐渐减小; 采掘坑的存在减弱了岸线附近的低频长波波高, 当采掘坑位于岸线附近时, 长波波高还受到局部水深增加的影响而进一步减弱。采掘坑从礁缘移动至岸线附近直到无坑时, 岸线附近的增水逐渐增大, 这种趋势在礁坪水深较大时更为明显。通过相干函数分析, 证明了礁坪上低频长波是由于短波群破碎点的移动而产生, 采掘坑位置的变化对低频长波的产生无明显影响; 通过传递函数分析, 验证了礁坪上的低频长波存在一阶共振放大效应, 采掘坑的存在减弱了这种放大效应, 当坑位于礁坪中间和岸线附近时, 这种减弱效应更为显著。     

Correlating mass physical properties with ALOS reflectance spectra for intertidal sediments from the Ba Lat Estuary (northern Vietnam): an exploratory laboratory study

Characterization of the sediment composition of tidal flats and monitoring of their spatiotemporal changes has become an important part of the sustainable management of coastal environments. To accurately classify sediments through remote sensing, a comprehensive understanding of sediment reflectance spectra is indispensable. The present laboratory-based study explores the performance of the high spatial resolution (10?×?10 m) Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) launched in 2006. Relationships between reflectance spectra (bands 1 to 4) and four typical mass physical properties were investigated under wet and dry experimental conditions for intertidal sediments sampled near the Ba Lat Estuary in northern Vietnam. Reflectance in the near-infrared region corresponding to ALOS band 4 (0.76–0.89 μm) was found (1) to have a strong negative correlation with sand content (dry wt%) under both wet and dry conditions (linear correlation coefficient r?=?–0.7859 and –0.8094, respectively), (2) to increase with decreasing relative water content (%) in a given sediment type (r?=?–0.7748 to –0.9367 for mud, sandy mud, muddy sand, and sand), (3) to have a positive correlation with organic matter content (r?=?0.7610 and 0.6460 under wet and dry conditions for contents >0.20 dry wt%), and (4) to be insignificantly correlated with mineral composition assessed in terms of contents (wt%) of quartz, clay minerals, and mica group minerals. Positive relationships between reflectance and water content for the pooled data of all sediment types (r?=?0.6395) or organic matter content contrast with previous findings, and can be attributed to close interrelationships between these properties and the predominance of sand content as controlling factor of reflectance. This study clarifies that ALOS band 4 provides the most useful imagery for intertidal monitoring because its reflectance, as simulated using the laboratory data, shows the strongest correlation with sand content. In a next step, these experimental findings should be verified by identifying the reflectance relationships at satellite image scales, and also considering the effects of other tidal flat features on reflectance, such as microtopography and biological surface characteristics.