1990—2020年中国冰湖变化特征及影响因素

本文基于505 景 Landsat 卫星影像,通过自动化冰湖边界提取与人工目视解译相结合的方法调查了 2000 和 2020年中国境内冰湖的分布与变化,并结合 1990 年冰湖编目数据,分析中国冰湖变化特征及影响因素。 研究表明,19902020 年中国冰湖面积增加(180.1±0.1) km²,增加了 17.9%。 其中,冰川补给湖面积扩张最显著,为 22.9%,而非冰川补给湖的面积仅扩张 4.9%。 1990 2020 年冰湖面积在较高海拔带呈现增长快速的趋势,其中,在海拔 5500 m 以上冰湖面积扩张最大,达 30.5%。 在区域尺度,非冰川补给湖的变化主要受降水量和蒸发量变化的影响,其中蒸发量变化对非冰川补给湖更为显著;气温升高与冰川普遍退缩则是导致冰川补给湖普遍快速扩张的主要原因。     

Seamount volcanism associated with the Xigaze ophiolite, Southern Tibet

Basaltic lavas at Renbu, Southern Tibet are associated with the Xigaze ophiolite in the Yarlung-Zangbo suture zone. They are alkaline lavas rich in large ion lithophile elements (LILE, Ba, Rb and Sr) and high field strength elements (HFSE, Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf), but poor in Cr, Co and Ni. All of the rocks have chondrite-normalized REE patterns enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE), comparable to modern basalts of the Society Islands, Kerguelen Plateau and Broken Ridge. Abundances of some immobile or moderately immobile elements (Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Y, Ti and REE) are also comparable to Kerguelen alkaline basalts. The Renbu basalts are geochemically similar to oceanic island basalts (OIB) and have some elemental ratios, such as Nb/Ta ratios = 15.7–18.1, Th/Nb =  0.06–0.10, La/Nb = 0.59–0.83 and Th/Ta = 1.03–1.52, similar to the primitive mantle. Their ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.70453–0.70602) are relatively high, similar to OIB. In the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr vs. εNd(t) diagram, the Renbu basalts plot along a trend from N-MORB to EMII (enriched mantle II), suggesting the involvement of at least two mantle sources in their generation. The Renbu basalts represent seamount volcanism associated with the Xigaze ophiolite. They formed from an OIB-type mantle source within the Neo-Tethyan Ocean that had a composition similar to the modern Indian Ocean mantle.     

Bundle Adjustment with Self–Calibration Using Straight Lines

Increased use of digital imagery has facilitated the opportunity to use features, in addition to points, in photogrammetric applications. Straight lines are often present in object space, and prior research has focused on incorporating straight–line constraints into bundle adjustment for frame imagery. In the research reported in this paper, object–space straight lines are used in a bundle adjustment with self–calibration. The perspective projection of straight lines in the object space produces straight lines in the image space in the absence of distortions. Any deviations from straightness in the image space are attributed to various distortion sources, such as radial and decentric lens distortions. Before incorporating straight lines into a bundle adjustment with self–calibration, the representation and perspective transformation of straight lines between image space and object space should be addressed. In this investigation, images of straight lines are represented as a sequence of points along the image line. Also, two points along the object–space straight line are used to represent that line. The perspective relationship between image– and object–space lines is incorporated in a mathematical constraint. The underlying principle in this constraint is that the vector from the perspective centre to an image point on a straight–line feature lies on the plane defined by the perspective centre and the two object points defining the straight line. This constraint has been embedded in a software application for bundle adjustment with self–calibration that can incorporate point as well as straight–line features. Experiments with simulated and real data have proved the feasibility and the efficiency of the algorithm proposed.     

北京西北活动构造定量资料与未来强震地点的讨论

通过阐述北京西北的活动构造定量数据及其精度,用确定性方法、概率方法和综合评分方法,通过排队,比较出北京西北及邻近地区未来强震可能发生的地点,讨论预测结果中存在的一些问题．结果显示,未来强震最危险的断裂段为：阳原盆地南缘断裂B段和A段、延矾盆地的燕水段、宣化盆地南缘断裂、怀安镇南缘断裂东段和阳高——天镇北缘断裂东段等段落．亦即阳原-深井盆地为最危险区;天镇-怀安镇-宣化盆地为次危险区;万全-张家口和蔚县东北-矾山西南为更次危险区．     

塔东地区下古生界天然气成藏主控因素及勘探领域

利用岩心、分析化验及地球物理资料对塔东地区下古生界烃源岩和储集层进行了综合分析。研究认为寒武系—奥陶系烃源岩已处于高—过成熟阶段,原油裂解气是主要气源,并圈定裂解气有效供气范围主要集中在古城以北的地区。储层主要为颗粒灰岩和白云岩,颗粒灰岩的孔隙类型主要为裂缝及与之伴生的溶蚀孔洞,分布在古城台地边缘带和罗西台地边缘带的奥陶系中;白云岩主要发育溶蚀孔,在塔东地区广泛分布。结合区域构造演化史分析,指出古城鼻隆及其西北地区是最有利的勘探区带,其次为英东构造带及满加尔凹陷、英吉苏凹陷内的其他隆起区。     

自动观测与人工观测相对湿度比对分析

为了确定现有相对湿度自动观测与人工观测数据是否具有可比较性以及它们之间的偏差情况,利用全国保留人工观测的8个国家基准气候站2007—2013年的自动与人工观测相对湿度的整点资料进行比对分析,结果表明:自动气象站相对湿度的观测结果系统性低于人工观测结果,且随着相对湿度增加,两者系统偏差增大,系统偏差为-5.69%~-0.1%,标准偏差为2.02%~4.71%;夏季自动观测与人工观测相对湿度的差异最大且与环境风速有关,在低风速下自动观测与人工观测差异较大,随着风速增大,差异逐渐减小;气温对相对湿度观测也有一定影响;两类观测逐小时数据未见明显的时间差异;自动观测与人工观测相对湿度偏差,清晨相对湿度较高时高湿地区台站偏差较大,下午相对湿度低时偏差较小。     

辽宁ⅠaB、ⅠaAB 混合型金刚石的发现及其生长结构特征

利用显微红外光谱区域扫描,在辽宁50号岩筒产出的金刚石中发现1粒ⅠaB、ⅠaAB混合型金刚石,且ⅠaB、ⅠaAB间存在明显的界线。DiamondView荧光图像观察显示,该粒金刚石呈不规则的同心圈层生长结构,并可分为两个生长阶段,生长结构特征能够与显微红外光谱分析获得的结果相互验证。样品氮、氢含量的规律及变化趋势分析结果表明,样品不同阶段生长环境变化大,且出现明显的生长停顿,也验证了金刚石由A中心逐渐向B中心的转化过程。该金刚石的发现对研究金刚石生长过程中地质环境的变化具有重要意义。     

江西城门山矿区深部Mo资源量预测方法

化探找矿正逐步从定性走向定量,在前人研究的基础上,提出了适用于老矿区深部探矿工程少、埋藏较深的矿产资源量估算的计算方法——面金属量积分法和三维地质体块段法。以江西城门山矿区为例,以区内主要含Mo地质体为计算对象,依据各中段面Mo的成晕地球化学信息,结合城门山三维地质—地球化学实体模型,对矿区浅部(第一空间0~-500 m)和深部(第二空间-500~-1 000 m)Mo资源量进行了估算。从计算结果来看,2种方法对浅部资源量估算结果都与已知储量相吻合,深部预测以三维地质体块段法更理想。     

贵州荔波岩溶洞穴发育特征

荔波位于云贵高原岩溶向广西岩溶丘陵和孤峰岩溶平原过渡的岩溶斜坡地带。区内岩溶洞穴极其发育,岩溶洞穴(在时空分布上受区域碳酸盐岩地层分布的控制,表现出对地层岩性的选择性和洞穴发育的成层性特点,岩溶洞穴的发育规模、方向明显受断裂、裂隙构造的控制,表现出极强的方向性。本文主要依据洞穴的形成条件、洞穴空间展布的控制特征以及洞穴沉积物的特征等,论述了区内岩溶洞穴的发育特征。      

Hydrologic‐response‐driven sediment transport at a regional scale,process‐based simulation

Assessing hydrologically driven erosion at regional scales from a process‐based perspective presents a significant challenge. Most regional‐scale erosion assessments are based upon a simple steady‐state hydrology foundation. For this study, the sediment transport version of the physics‐based Integrated Hydrology Model (InHM), excited by synthetically generated rainfall, was employed to assess long‐term hydrologically driven erosion for a regional‐scale island boundary‐value problem. The spatiotemporal dynamics of runoff generation, erosion, and deposition are illustrated through saturation, water depth, velocity, and sediment concentration results. The simulations demonstrate that process‐based assessment for concept development is both feasible and tractable at regional spatial and human time scales. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.