A model for retrieval of dual linear polarization radar fields from model simulation outputs

An algorithm for retrieving polarimetric variables from numerical model fields is developed. By using this technique, radar reflectivity at horizontal polarization~ differential reflectivity, specific differential phase shift and correlation coefficients between the horizontal and vertical polarization signals at zero lag can be derived from rain, snow and hail contents of numerical model outputs. Effects of environmental temperature and the melting process on polarimetric variables are considered in the algorithm. The algorithm is applied to the Advanced Regional Prediction System （ARPS） model simulation results for a hail storm. The spatial distributions of the derived parameters are reasonable when compared with observational knowledge. This work provides a forward model for assimilation of dual linear polarization radar data into a mesoscale model.     

Linking the northern hemisphere sea-ice reduction trend and the quasi-decadal arctic sea-ice oscillation

The nature of the reduction trend and quasi-decadal oscillation in Northern Hemisphere sea-ice extent is investigated. The trend and oscillation that seem to be two separate phenomena have been found in data. This study examines a hypothesis that the Arctic sea-ice reduction trend in the last three decades amplified the quasi-decadal Arctic sea-ice oscillation (ASIO) due to a positive ice/ocean-albedo feedback, based on data analysis and a conceptual model proposed by Ikeda et al. The theoretical, conceptual model predicts that the quasi-decadal oscillation is amplified by the thinning sea-ice, leading to the ASIO, which is driven by the strong positive feedback between the atmosphere and ice-ocean systems. Such oscillation is predicted to be out-of-phase between the Arctic Basin and the Nordic Seas with a phase difference of 3/4, with the Nordic Seas leading the Arctic. The wavelet analysis of the sea ice data reveals that the quasi-decadal ASIO occurred actively since the 1970s following the trend starting in the 1960s (i.e., as sea-ice became thinner and thinner), as the atmosphere experienced quasi-decadal oscillations during the last century. The wavelet analysis also confirms the prediction of such out-of-phase feature between these two basins, which varied from 0.62 in 1960 to 0.25 in 1995. Furthermore, a coupled ice-ocean general circulation model (GCM) was used to simulate two scenarios, one without the greenhouse gas warming and the other having realistic atmospheric forcing along with the warming that leads to sea-ice reduction trend. The quasi-decadal ASIO is excited in the latter case compared to the no-warming case. The wavelet analyses of the simulated ice volume were also conducted to derive decadal ASIO and similar phase relationship between the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas. An independent data source was used to confirm such decadal oscillation in the upper layer (or freshwater) thickness, which is consistent with the model simulation. A modified feedback loop for the sea-ice trend and ASIO was proposed based on the previous one by Mysak and Venegas and the ice/albedo and cloud/albedo feedabcks, which are responsible for the sea ice reduction trend.     

大气中一氧化碳浓度变化的模拟研究

应用全球二维大气化学模式,模拟了CO、CH4和OH自由基等成分自工业革命到2020年的长期变化.模拟的全球CO平均体积分数在1840年、1991年和2020年分别为27×10-6、76×10-6和105×10-6.从1840到1991年,OH自由基数浓度从7.17×105个分子/cm3下降到5.79×105个分子/cm3,降低了19%.模拟的CH4长期变化与冰芯资料相符.模拟的20世纪80年代CO体积分数年增长率为1.03%～1.06%.大气中CO在20世纪90年代前是增长的,而到90年代初观测到CO体积分数突然下降.应用二维大气化学模式对此原因进行了模拟研究,结果表明,CO排放源的减少是CO体积分数下降的主要因子,平流层臭氧减少是另一个重要因子.尽管CO排放源的减少对大气CH4增长率的变化有较大影响,而CH4排放源减少对CO体积分数变化却几乎没有影响.     

哈尔滨地区雨滴直径分布函数

采用美国PMS公司生产的GBPP－100型地面雨滴谱仪，对1999年5－7月哈尔滨地区几次降水过程进行了观测。根据雷达资料和宏观观测，把降水云分为层状云，积层混合云和积雨云，分析了3类云降水微物理结构，重点研究了不同类型降水的雨滴谱分析特征，拟合了雨滴直径分布函数。     

吐鲁番一场罕见降雪天气个例分析

对“2000·2”罕见降雪天气过程分析表明,低层强烈的辐合上升运动和低空急流的突然增强是产生降雪的关键.     

哈尔滨气温变化特征分析

上世纪80年代以来,哈尔滨年平均气温明显上升,在127年中上升了2.7℃。主要冬季升幅最大,春季次之,再次为秋季,夏季升幅最小。平均最低气温的升幅较明显,远高于平均最高气温的升幅,冬季最低气温的升幅最大夏季的升幅次于春季;秋季升幅最小。另外还分析了气温年代际变化特征。     

一种新的网络中层管理者方案

提出一种新的基于 Ｓ Ｎ Ｍ Ｐｖ２ 的中层管理者方案以弥补 Ｍ２ Ｍ Ｍ Ｉ Ｂ的不足,其轮询方法和报警机制优于现有同类产品,且具有更好的安全性和互操作性。     

植物冠面温度气候学模拟模型的初步研究

根据Monteith的植冠面热量平衡方程来讨论植冠面温度计算的气候学模型方法.讨论了:(1)植冠显热(H)、潜热(LE)和净辐射(Rn)各通量与气象台站观测资料的联系;(2)Rn项中晴天有效辐射(Eo)实验公式中湿度函数f(e)在中国应用时的季节修正;(3)植被-土壤热通量(G)的估算与其误差的影响;(4)根据气象台站的气候背景资料与参考植被的生物-生理特征参数,运用Newton-Raphson迭代方法求解植冠面温度;(5)模拟结果.     

中-β尺度对流云团造成特大暴雨过程的分析

通过对发生于长江中下游地区两个中－β尺度对流云团引起的特大暴雨过程的分析，探讨中－β尺度对流云团产生强降水的条件，研究其变化规律，从而为暴雨预报提供一定的物理依据。     

积极宣传避雷知识搞好防雷减灾工作

我县防雷减灾工作已进行 4年多了，我觉得我们需要不断地完善和充实防雷理论，向群众大力宣传防雷知识，搞好防雷设计、检测及设施改造工作。　　我们知道雷电危害分两类：一类是雷电直接击在建筑物上，雷电的高压、大电流产生的电效应、热效应和机械效应使建筑燃烧、爆炸、倒塌、崩毁。第二类危害是雷电二次危害，即雷电电流产生的电磁感应、静电感应和雷电波等。现代防雷技术措施有：躲、均压或搭连、传导或拦截、分流、接地、屏蔽。其中接地是分流和排泄直接雷击和雷电电磁干扰能量的最有效手段之一。目前避雷检测把测量接地体电阻放在…