兴凯地块南部花岗岩年代学、地球化学及Hf同位素特征

兴凯地块南部构造演化复杂,缺乏精确的年代学证据和系统的地球化学研究.锆石U-Pb年龄测定结果表明:兴凯地块南部花岗岩侵位结晶年龄为晚三叠世末期(202~205 Ma),处于古亚洲洋和古太平洋构造体制的转换阶段.地球化学成分上,二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩均以富硅(SiO₂=69.61%~77.27%)、弱过铝(Al₂O₃=12.70%~15.28%)、较富碱(AKI=0.64~0.88)为特征.结合角闪石矿物的出现、较低的锆石饱和温度(T_Zr=679~787 ℃)等特征表明本区花岗岩为分异的Ⅰ型花岗岩.锆石的176Hf/177Hf比值较高(0.282 773~0.282 913),ε_Hf(t)均为正值(4.39~9.32),二阶段Hf模式年龄较为年轻(0.65~0.96 Ga),反映其源区物质为新元古代期间从亏损地幔新增生的年轻地壳物质.结合岩石形成年龄、岩石组合等特征可以推断岩石应该形成于西太平洋开始俯冲的活动大陆边缘环境下.      

转绘技术在地图修测中的应用

利用卫星图像修测地图时,首先对卫星图像的大地坐标、投影性质等进行设定,使其与地图相统一,然后利用地图对卫星图像进行几何精校正,最后把卫星图像和地图叠加在一起进行转绘。实际工作表明,与传统外业测量方式相比,利用此技术修测地图更加方便、高效,且制作的地图具有较高精度,能较好地满足地图修测工作需要。     

High-resolution monitoring of nitrate variations in a typical subterranean karst stream, Chongqing, China

Globally, it is possible that up to 25% of the world’s population depends on karst water supplies. In karst areas, a high degree of groundwater and surface water linkage often results in the direct recharge of groundwater with polluted run-off following rainfall. In order to reveal the hydrochemical variations after rainfall, especially real-time variation of pollutants, high-resolution auto-monitoring techniques were used at the outlet of Qingmuguan subterranean stream (QSS), which is influenced by agricultural activities. In addition to rainfall, high-resolution measurements of pH, water level, electrical conductivity (Ec) and NO₃ ⁻ concentration were recorded in the monsoon season and fertilizer application period using a data logger with time intervals of 15 min. In the six observed rainfall events, the pH value was mainly controlled by acidic rainfall inputs. The pH showed sharp decline after the rainfall event, and then increased. The Ec was impacted by the rainfall chemistry, dilution effect of rainfall and agricultural wastewater. NO₃ ⁻ derived from agricultural activities was less impacted by rain chemistry; and its variations were mainly affected by the dilution effect of rainfall and agricultural wastewater. Under the influences of the R1 rainfall, the rapid changes of Ec and NO₃ ⁻ were opposite in direction. As the rain continued, both the Ec and NO₃ ⁻ rapidly changed in synchronization within the shortest period of 5 h and the longest of 27 h because of the impact of the agricultural wastewater. The groundwater quality changed due to the influx of agricultural wastewater over the entire monitoring period. According to the National Groundwater Quality Standard, People’s Republic of China (GB/T14848-9), the groundwater quality of the QSS moved through the following grades during the monitoring period: Grade III → Grade IV → Grade V → Grade IV → Grade V → Grade IV → Grade V → Grade IV → Grade III. Traditional sampling methods did not reveal accurate hydrochemistry changes of the QSS, and even generated misleading results. Consequently, the high-resolution auto-monitoring technique is necessary for the future protection and sustainable use of karst aquifer in Southwest China.     

Comparisons of internal solitary wave and surface wave actions on marine structures and their responses

In this paper, a time-domain numerical model is established for computing the action of internal solitary wave on marine structures and structure motion responses. For a cylindrical structure, its side and bottom are discretized by pole and surface elements, respectively. The drag and inertial forces in the perpendicular direction of the structure are computed by the Morison equation from the pole elements, and the Froude–Krylov force in the axial direction of the structure due to internal wave motion is computed by integration of the dynamic pressure over the surface elements. The catenary theory is used to analyze the reaction force due to mooring lines, and the motion equation of the marine structure is solved by the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method in the time domain. The model is used to calculate the interaction of the internal solitary wave with a Spar platform with mooring system, and the surface wave action with the platform has also been computed by a frequency-domain boundary element method for comparison. Through the comparison based on a practical internal wave and surface wave states, it can be concluded that the internal wave force on the structure is only 9% of the one due to surface waves. However, the motion response due to the internal wave is much greater than the one due to the surface waves. It shows that the low-frequency effect of internal solitary waves is a great threat to the safety of marine structures.     

安塞油田可视化决策系统研究

 利用安塞油田可视化决策系统,将基础勘察数据油田基本图件和油井数据有效的管理起来,可作统计分析、档案更新、数据查询。这不仅对属性数据可采用数据库管理,而且通过空间数据对属性数据的空间分布特征进行综合分析,实现属性数据、空间数据可视化     

Experimental and theoretical study on the effect of unsteady flow on the fracturing pressure in hydraulic fracturing test

Reasonable determination of formation fracturing pressure concerns the stable operation of underground fluid injection projects. In this work, we studied the effect of unsteady flow on fracturing pressure. Hydraulic fracturing tests on low permeable sandstone were conducted with the injection rate between 0.1 and 2.0 ml/min. Then, the fracturing pressure prediction models for hollow cylinder under both unsteady flow and steady flow conditions were deduced. Finally, the effect of unsteady flow on the fracturing pressure was studied based on the experimental result and several influence factors. It was shown that fracturing pressure increased with the elevated pressurization rate in the tests, while the slope of the variation curve decreases. The model considering unsteady flow can reflect the variation tendency of fracturing pressures in experiments, while fracturing pressures from the model considering steady flow are invariant with different pressurization rates. Fracturing pressure decreases with the elevated rock permeability and increases with the elevated fluid viscosity, and these two effects are actually generated by the unsteady flow. Whether to consider the unsteady flow has no significant influence on the effect of rock tensile strength on fracturing pressure when the tensile strength is very low. However, when the tensile strength is high, the effect of unsteady flow cannot be neglected.     

2017年西藏米林MS6.9地震前地磁垂直强度极化异常特征

基于中国大陆65 个地磁台站秒采样观测资料,利用地磁垂直强度极化方法提取了2017年西藏米林M_S6.9 地震震中及附近区域超低频电磁异常信号并分析其时空演化特征。结果显示:米林M_S6.9 地震前在青藏高原出现了大范围的地磁垂直强度极化高值异常,异常过程共持续9天;高值异常开始于2017 年10 月30 日,高值持续3 天之后出现短时间下降,随即转折上升,再次出现高值异常并持续了4 天,在此过程中各高值台站的时序曲线呈现出单峰或双峰的形态。空间分布图显示高值异常在中国大陆西部区域反复出现,尤其是在青藏高原巴颜喀拉地块与羌塘地块的交界处。异常呈“出现—扩大—收缩—消失—扩大—消失”的演化过程,10月31日异常面积达到最大值。异常过程结束后10天发生了西藏米林M_S6.9地震,震中距离10 月31 日异常阈值线5 km。综合分析认为,此次异常与米林地震具有较强的时空相关性,是可靠的地震电磁前兆异常。      

Numerical simulation of carbon dioxide injection for enhanced gas recovery (CO2-EGR) in Altmark natural gas field

This paper studied the CO₂-EGR in Altmark natural gas field with numerical simulations. The hydro-mechanical coupled simulations were run using a linked simulator TOUGH2MP-FLAC3D. In order to consider the gas mixing process, EOS7C was implemented in TOUGH2MP. A multi-layered 3D model (4.4 km × 2 km × 1 km) which consists of the whole reservoir, caprock and base rock was generated based on a history-matched PETREL model, originally built by GDF SUEZ E&P Deutschland GmbH for Altmark natural gas field. The model is heterogeneous and discretized into 26,015 grid blocks. In the simulation, 100,000 t CO₂ was injected in the reservoir through well S13 within 2 years, while gas was produced from the well S14. Some sensitivity analyses were also carried out. Simulation results show that CO₂ tends to migrate toward the production well S14 along a NW–SE fault. It reached the observation wells S1 and S16 after 2 years, but no breakthrough occurred in the production well. After 2 years of CO₂ injection, the reservoir pressure increased by 2.5 bar, which is beneficial for gas recovery. The largest uplift (1 mm) occurred at the bottom of the caprock. The deformation was small (elastic) and caprock integrity was not affected. With the injection rate doubled the average pressure increased by 5.3 bar. Even then the CO₂ did not reach the production well S14 after 2 years of injection. It could be concluded that the previous flow field was established during the primary gas production history. This former flow field, including CO₂ injection/CH₄ production rate during CO₂-EGR and fault directions and intensity are the most important factors affecting the CO₂ transport.     

Caractérisation géochimique et bactériologique des nappes d’une région à climat tropical sec au centre Sud de Madagascar

Résumé

Le district de Betroka, soumis à un climat tropical sec, connaît d’importants problèmes de ressource en eau. Cette situation se traduit pour de nombreux habitants par la consommation d’eau de très mauvaise qualité tant sur le plan physico-chimique, que sur le plan bactériologique. Pour tenter d’améliorer cette situation, le gouvernement malgache a entrepris un programme d’alimentation en eau potable et assainissement en milieu rural (projet 350 forages), cadre du présent travail, afin d’assurer à l’eau destinée à l’alimentation humaine une qualité suffisante en termes bactériologique et minéral. L’étude microbiologique de l’eau souterraine du district de Betroka a confirmé l’absence de bactéries d’origine fécale. L’étude hydrochimique a révélé différents processus conduisant à la minéralisation des eaux souterraines en relation avec : (a) la remontée d’eau saline d’origine profonde à partir des fractures transversales du cisaillement majeur de Betroka, et à partir des failles normales à l’origine du graben de Mangoky et du domaine du massif en dôme et bassin du complexe intrusif d’Ianakafy ; (b) la dissolution des aérosols et embruns marins déposés, dissous par la pluie et entraînés jusqu’aux aquifères ; et (c) l’interaction des eaux météoriques et souterraines avec les minéraux des roches encaissantes (scapolite, phlogopite, biotite, hornblende, pyroxène…) qui pourrait également contribuer à la forte minéralisation observée.