两广交界地区壶垌片麻状复式岩体的年代学和地球化学：对云开地块北缘早古生代构造-岩浆作用的启示

本文对两广交界地区发育的壶垌片麻状复式岩体进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和岩石学、地球化学、Sr-Nd-Pb同位素的分析研究。该复式岩体主要由片麻状英云闪长岩、片麻状花岗闪长岩和片麻状二长花岗岩组成,获得片麻状花岗闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为443.1±2.0Ma。其中片麻状英云闪长岩和片麻状花岗闪长岩总体具有较低硅(SiO2=62.92%~67.54%)、较低碱(K2O+Na2O=3.98%~5.17%)、准铝质(A/CNK=0.83~0.93)的化学组成特征,属于中钾含角闪石钙碱性花岗岩类(ACG);而片麻状二长花岗岩具有高硅(SiO2=71.55%~72.78%)、高碱(K2O+Na2O=6.65%~7.57%)、准铝-弱过铝质(A/CNK=0.92~1.05)的化学组成特征,属于高钾钙碱性花岗岩类(KCG)。岩石表现出富集大离子亲石元素(如U、Ba、Rb和Th)和轻稀土元素,而Nb、Ta和Ti等高场强元素和重稀土元素明显亏损,并具有较高的锶同位素初始比值((87Sr/86Sr)i=0.71268~0.71482)和较低的εNd(t)值(-9.4~-2.6),反映其具有俯冲消减作用形成的岛弧岩浆岩地球化学特征。结合区域地质特征分析认为,壶垌片麻状复式岩体很可能是在扬子板块和华夏板块之间的洋壳岩石圈向南俯冲的地球动力学背景下,引发软流圈地幔上涌,其所带来的热能诱发了岩石圈地幔和上覆云开地块的古老地壳物质重熔,形成以壳源为主的壳幔混源母岩浆,再经历不同程度分离结晶作用,从而形成了本区大陆边缘弧型岩浆岩。因此,壶垌片麻状复式岩体是云开地块北缘早古生代洋陆俯冲-碰撞的地质记录。     

羌塘南缘多龙矿集区荣那斑岩-高硫型浅成低温热液Cu-(Au)套合成矿:综合地质、热液蚀变及金属矿物组合证据

位于羌塘南缘多龙矿集区内的荣那斑岩-高硫型浅成低温热液Cu-(Au)矿床系近年来中铝西藏与西藏地质五队合作勘查取得重大找矿突破的铜矿床,控制资源量已达超大型规模,但对该矿床的成因类型仍存在争议。本文根据详细的钻孔岩芯、结合光学显微镜、扫描电镜观察、硫化物的电子探针分析,认为该矿床成矿与早白垩世花岗闪长斑岩有关。矿体主要产于下中侏罗统色哇组长石石英砂岩和成矿斑岩体中,矿体呈东西走向、南倾的隐伏状,延深巨大,金属矿化以铜为主,伴有金、银矿化,偶见钼矿化。热液蚀变具有两阶段蚀变:与斑岩型矿化有关的黑云母化、角岩化、硅化-绢云母化及硅化-伊利石-绿泥石化以上部叠加的高级泥化,蚀变分带明显。相应的该矿床具有斑岩型细脉浸染状矿化和以硫砷铜矿为特征的高硫型矿化,含铜矿物主要分为4个带,大致与蚀变分带相对应,下部主要为斑铜矿-黄铜矿;过渡带以斑铜矿-铜蓝组合为特征;中上部为蓝辉铜矿-砷黝铜矿-硫砷铜矿组合;顶部主要由为辉铜矿-蓝辉铜矿组成。总体上,矿床中上部为Cu-S体系、向下转变Cu-Fe-S体系。与其它类似矿床相比,该矿床硫化物中以富Zn、贫金为特征。综上认为该矿床为斑岩-高硫型浅成低温热液Cu-(Au)套合成矿的典型实例,其勘查突破为羌塘南缘火山岩区及覆盖区的找矿打开了一扇窗口。     

东天山图拉尔根大型铜镍矿区两个镁铁-超镁铁岩体的锆石U-Pb定年及其地质意义

图拉尔根铜镍矿位于新疆黄山-镜儿泉铜镍矿带东段,其发现和探明是近年来该区带找矿的重大突破。矿区内分布有Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号3个小岩体,其中Ⅰ号岩体含矿性最佳,勘查程度也最高。Ⅰ号杂岩体为一同构造基性-超基性杂岩体,具有典型的环带状岩相分带结构。图拉尔根Ⅰ号岩体的辉长岩单颗粒锆石SHRIMP U-Pb精确定年结果为300.5±3.2Ma,而Ⅱ号岩体锆石SIMS U-Pb精确定年结果为357.5±2.5Ma,明显早于Ⅰ号岩体。Ⅰ号岩体成岩时代为晚石炭世-早二叠世,与东天山地区大多数镁铁-超镁铁岩体的形成时代相近,而Ⅱ号岩体时代为早石炭世,表明二者不是同期岩浆活动的产物,其形成背景与东天山早二叠世大规模成矿期的碰撞后伸展背景形成的基性-超基性侵入岩体不同。稀土元素及微量元素分析表明,两个岩体的轻重稀土分异明显,都为向右倾的轻稀土富集型配分模式,具负的Nb、Ta异常。但Ⅱ号岩体的斜率高于Ⅰ号岩体。Ⅰ号岩体富集大离子亲石元素Rb,Th轻微亏损,高场强元素Zr、Hf呈正异常,而Ⅱ号岩体明显亏损Rb,富集Ba,同时有Sr的正异常和Zr、Hf的明显负异常。Ⅰ号岩体微量元素具有Nb、Ta相对于Th、La亏损,Ba、Th、U含量高的特点,表现出地壳物质混染的特征。Ⅱ、Ⅲ号岩体目前所见均以辉长岩为主体岩石类型,含矿性较差。Ⅱ号岩体和Ⅰ号岩体微量元素富集特征不一致,也显示这两个岩体的母岩浆性质可能不尽相同,但两个岩体的微量元素特征都显示出遭受了一定程度的地壳混染,这对成矿是有利的。由于Ⅱ、Ⅲ号岩体发育有高磁、高重力和低阻异常,我们尚不能排除其深部产出矿化的可能性,有必要开展进一步的勘查评价。图拉尔根两个镁铁-超镁铁岩体的最新定年结果,将东天山地区与铜镍硫化物矿床相伴的镁铁-超镁铁质岩浆活动时限提前了10Ma,为在该区进一步找矿提供了年代学依据。     

贵州贞丰烂泥沟卡林型金矿床含砷黄铁矿Re-Os同位素测年及地质意义

贵州贞丰烂泥沟金矿(现称锦丰金矿)是滇黔桂“金三角”已知最大的卡林型金矿床,矿体赋存于断层破碎带内,最主要的载金矿物是具环带结构的含砷黄铁矿。本文运用Re-Os同位素法对该矿床的9个含砷黄铁矿样品进行了两次测试,成功获得10-9～10-12级Re-Os同位素数据:Re0.1257～1.233ng/g,Os6.75～33.50pg/g,等时线年龄为193±13Ma,反映其成矿时代为早侏罗世。等时线的初始n(187Os)/n(188Os)值为1.127±0.043,指示成矿物质来源于地壳而不是地幔。结合其他资料,初步建立其成矿模式为:盆地流体不断地从沉积物中萃取出包括金在内的成矿组分,形成含矿流体。印支期挤压造山期间,含矿流体沿不整合接触面和同生断层向上运动,造山后的伸展含矿流体进入减压扩容空间沉淀形成超大型金矿床。成矿作用发生在从印支期挤压造山向燕山期伸展转变的构造转换期。该模式与本文得到的成矿年龄和初始比值相吻合。     

内蒙碾子沟钼矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄及其地质意义

内蒙古碾子沟石英脉型钼矿床是一新发现的钼矿床,通过对主要钼矿体6件辉钼矿样品的Re-Os同位素分析,获得了150.2±2.2~154.4±2.2Ma之间、平均152.4±1.3Ma（2σ误差,MSWD=1.6）的同位素模式年龄,及一个相关性很好的等时线年龄154.3±3.6Ma（2σ误差,MSWD=1.9）,表明碾子沟钼矿床形成于晚侏罗世,属中国东部燕山期大规模钼成矿期成矿,是中国东部中生代构造体制大转折背景下的产物。碾子沟钼矿床辉钼矿的铼含量介于12.6×10^-6~37.0×10^-6,平均24.9×10^-6,通过与其它钼矿床对比,初步认为碾子沟钼矿床成矿物质具有壳幔混源、偏壳源特征。     

个旧锡矿印支中晚期海底基性火山-沉积Sn-Cu-Zn(Au)矿床成矿雏议

个旧锡矿长期以来在花岗岩成因模式指导下进行找矿,曾取得了显著的找矿效果.近年来,随着研究和勘查工作的深入,个旧锡矿的非花岗岩成矿作用也日益受到了重视.在全面研究和总结个旧锡多金属矿区成矿理论的基础上,以系统论为指导,以成矿系列研究为切入点,探讨了印支中晚期海底基性火山-沉积Sn-Cu-Zn(Au)矿床成矿观点,并论述了该类型矿床的地质地球化学特征.     

富金斑岩型铜矿床的基本特征、成矿物质来源与成矿高氧化岩浆-流体演化

第三纪富金斑岩型铜矿床主要发育于板块汇聚边缘与俯冲作用相关的火山-岩浆弧以及陆缘弧中,而大多数较古老的富金斑岩型铜矿床则主要发育于向大陆边缘增生的岛弧环境中.含矿斑岩的岩性变化范围从低钾钙碱性闪长岩、石英闪长岩和英云闪长岩到高钾钙碱性石英二长岩到碱性的二长岩及正长岩,通常侵位于地壳浅部l～2km处,与同期的火山岩密切共生,并常见热液爆破角砾岩.其围岩蚀变从早到晚依次可分为Ca-Na硅酸盐蚀变、K硅酸盐蚀变、中级泥质蚀变、绢云母化、高级泥质蚀变,而浅部的高级泥质蚀变可以与早期K硅酸盐蚀变同期形成.Cu、Au矿化主要发育在K硅酸盐蚀变带中,矿化与A型脉密切相关,贫钼而富铂族元素.控制富金斑岩型铜矿床形成的几个关键过程包括：（1）源区有大量的Cu、Au等成矿元素;（2）能使Cu、Au等成矿物质有效进入岩浆熔体的机制;（3）合成矿元素的岩浆熔体在从地幔上升到地壳高侵位而形成斑岩体的过程中没有Cu、Au等成矿物质损失;（4）在岩浆上升演化过程中,岩浆挥发份能有效的逸出,并且逸出的时间越早,对成矿越有利;（5）Cu、Au等成矿元素能有效进入岩浆挥发份;（6）在成矿斑岩体上部发育有利的相对封闭机制,阻止岩浆挥发份的逃逸;（7）含Cu、Au成矿流体的有效沉淀机制;（8）具有一个地壳上部的岩浆房,能够不断提供成矿物质和驱动热液循环的热能.要形成大型矿床一般需要多期岩浆脉动侵位与多期矿化热液蚀变事件的叠加.现多倾向认为交代的地幔楔可能是其主要物质来源.而有利于富金斑岩型铜矿床形成的岩浆有钾质钙碱性岩浆、埃达克质岩浆、碱性弧岩浆.俯冲板片脱水形成的流体或者熔融产生熔体提供了上覆地幔楔熔融的高氧逸度条件,这种高氧逸度特征是地幔源区Cu、Au成矿元素能否进入岩浆熔体的重要条件之一.最近研究表明流体的冷却可能是Cu、Au沉淀成矿最主要的因素.本文扼要介绍了富金斑岩型铜矿的矿床地质特征、矿床成因等方面的研究进展,分析了存在的主要问题并对其发展趋势作了展望.     

大兴安岭北段扎兰屯地区晚古生代早期花岗质岩浆作用——对额尔古纳 兴安地块和松嫩地块拼合时限的制约

扎兰屯地区位于二连 贺根山 黑河构造带中段,区内发育韧性变形叠加的晚古生代早期花岗岩类。本文在详尽的野外地质调查基础上,对该套花岗岩类的锆石U- Pb年代学和地球化学进行系统分析,研究其成岩年代序列,探讨岩石成因及构造背景,厘定韧性构造叠加的时限,进一步揭示扎兰屯地区额尔古纳 兴安地块和松嫩地块的拼合过程,为兴蒙造山带的区域构造演化研究提供新材料。大量年代学研究显示,扎兰屯地区晚古生代早期花岗质岩浆作用发生于405~325Ma之间,该作用可进一步细化为早中泥盆世(Ⅰ期、405~380Ma)、晚泥盆世—早石炭世初(Ⅱ期、365~350Ma)和早石炭世晚期(Ⅲ期335~325Ma)等3期。其中Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期花岗岩类属高钾—钾玄质钙碱性、准铝质—弱过铝质花岗岩类,可能为俯冲背景下岛弧岩浆活动形成的I型 分异I型花岗岩;Ⅲ期花岗岩类属中—高钾钙碱性、准铝质—弱过铝质花岗岩类,可能为后碰撞背景下岩浆活动形成的分异I型- A型花岗岩。该套花岗岩类普遍叠加韧性变形,可能为碰撞后侧向逃逸作用的产物,变形时限为晚石炭世末—早二叠世(308~290Ma)。大兴安岭北段晚古生代早期花岗质岩浆作用与额尔古纳 兴安地块和松嫩地块的碰撞拼合作用有关,扎兰屯地区二者的碰撞拼合时限可能为早石炭世中期。     

加强埃达克岩研究，开创中国Cu、Au等找矿工作的新局面

埃达克岩与浅成低温热液Au-Ag及斑岩型Cu、Cu-Au矿床有密切的关系，环太平洋地区多数大型和世界级的斑岩铜矿均与埃达克岩有关。埃达克岩有利于成矿的关键因素与埃达克岩形成时角闪石转变为石榴石的脱水作用有关，而水能萃取出在地幔和基性岩中富集的金属元素。因此，埃达克岩集中分布的地区有利于铜、金等矿化的聚集。中国铜矿资源严重不足，解决这个紧迫问题的出路在寻找斑岩铜矿。全球铜矿主要分布在环太平洋地区，中国与环太平洋类似的地区不是中国东部，而是古亚洲洋造山带、东北吉黑东部和西藏冈底斯。从国家目标出发，建议实施铜、金等找矿工作的战略转移，把浅成低温热液和斑岩型Au、Cu、Ag等矿床找矿的重点放在古生代的古亚洲洋造山带、晚古生代-中生代的吉黑东部和中-新生代的冈底斯地区。古亚洲洋造山带首选阿尔泰西南缘-东准噶尔、东天山和内蒙古中部3个地区。埃达克岩可以作为找矿标志来使用，因此，在找矿思路上也应当有一个变化，即：先找埃达克岩，再找矿。     

RESIDUAL POST-IR IRSL SIGNALS OF POTASSIUM FELDSPAR FROM MODERN SAG POND DEPOSITS OF CENTRAL ALTYN TAGH FAULT: IMPLICATION FOR DATING YOUNG PALEOSEISMIC EVENTS

The Altyn Tagh Fault(ATF)is one of the most prominent active strike-slip faults in the India-Eurasia collision. Fresh features of surface ruptures, which are attributed to seismic events taking place in the last millennium, are identified at several sites along the Che'erchen River to Qingshui River section on the central part of ATF. Accurate chronology of these earthquake events would help understand the spatial-temporal relationship of the recent earthquakes. However, great difficulties are encountered. The central ATF is located in the arid area, and the vegetation cover is so limited that rare organic materials appropriate for radiocarbon dating can be found in the sediments. Luminescence dating technique may serve as an alternative to directly determine the burial ages of the earthquake related sediments. The optically stimulated luminescence(OSL)signal of quartz, which has been widely employed for luminescence dating, displays unwanted charateristics for accurate dating. Firstly, the quartz OSL signal is not sensitive to irradiation, which leads to low signal-to-noise ratio or even no measurable quartz OSL signal. Secondly, the targeted samples of the last millennium are very young, and the radiation dose received during the burial is expected to be less than 3~4Gy, which futher deteriorates the signal-to-noise ratio of the quartz OSL signal. Therefore, quartz OSL signal is not appropriate for dating the sediments relevant to the recent earthquakes on ATF.
The infrared stimulated luminescence(IRSL)signal of potassium feldspar is an alternative, and it is in usual an order of maginitude more sensitive to raidation than the quartz OSL signal. The enhanced signal-to-noise ratio makes it applicable to young samples. The post-IR IRSL signal has been successfully applied to date the sediments beyond the Holocene, however, the relatively slow bleaching of the post-IR IRSL signal poses challenges on applying it to young sediments, especially for the sediments deposited during the last millennium. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using post-IR IRSL signal from potassium feldspar to date the earthquake events of the last millennium by employing modern sag pond deposits with different sorting and expected equivalent dose(D_e)of 0Gy. Choosing an appropriate measurement procedure and identifying the well bleached pottassium feldspar grains are essential for post-IR IRSL dating of young sediments. The non-fading characteristic of the post-IR IRSL₁₇₀ signal measured at 170℃ following a prior IR stimulation at 110℃ was verified by employing the D_e plateau test with respect to the signal integration interval and IR stimulation temperature together. Reducing the amount of potassium feldspar grains mounted on an aliquot would help reveal the among grains variation of bleaching level of post-IR IRSL₁₇₀ signal before depostion and identify the most sufficiently bleached grains. Therefore, the post-IR IRSL₁₇₀ D_e values of 2mm aliquots were measured for three samples with different sedimentary textures. The median of D_e distribution of well sorted and stratified sag pond deposits is consistent with the minimum D_e value inferred from the minimum age model(MAM-3) and finite mixture model(FMM), while for the poorly sorted deposits, the median is significantly overestimated compared with the minimum D_e values from the MAM-3 and the FMM. The minimum D_e values of 0.6~0.8Gy of all three samples are consistent with the unbleachable residual dose previously reported for post-IR IRSL signals measured at similar temperature for well bleached samples. It implies that by combined use of small aliquot and statistical age models, the well-bleached potassium feldspar grains could be identified. Such an intrinsic unbleachable component needs to be properly corrected when earthquake events of last millennium are to be dated in this area. Otherwise, the post-IR IRSL₁₇₀ age would be overestimated by 200~300a.
The post-IR IRSL₁₇₀ procedure investigated in this study is not only applicable for dating the paleoearthquake events along the Altyn Tagh Fault, but also with great potential to be applied to other tectonically active area. With consideration of the potential variability in post-IR IRSL signal characteristics of potassium feldspar grains from different origins, the signal stability needs to be routinely inspected. The modern analog sample would also be informative for justifying the measurement procedure and analytical method employed.