三峡水库蓄水后上荆江不同河床组成江心洲的演变过程及其机制

三峡及上游梯级水库群运用后,大坝下游江心洲以冲刷为主,直接影响分汊河段河势条件及航道边界的稳定性。本文采用卫星遥感影像、实测水沙及固定断面床沙级配等资料,分析上荆江枝江、沙市河段中不同河床组成江心洲的演变过程及其机理。结果表明:(1)三峡水库蓄水后(2003—2019年),沙市段沙质江心洲较枝江段卵石夹沙质江心洲萎缩更为显著,出露面积的减幅分别达31%和24%。(2)以关洲和金城洲分别代表卵石夹沙质和沙质江心洲,三峡工程运用后关洲洲头形态较为稳定,受无序采砂的影响其沙质组成的洲尾面积显著减小,而金城洲面积萎缩程度更大。(3)床沙组成对江心洲冲刷程度差异具有重要影响,关洲洲头较金城洲抗冲性更强,与其床沙在年内达到起动条件的数量更少、时长更短有关;建立了江心洲面积与水流冲刷强度及相对水深的定量关系,该关系能综合考虑水沙变化与床沙组成调整的影响,能更好地反演近期江心洲的面积变化特点。     

山地冰川平衡线高度作为气候变化代用指标的讨论

对以平衡线高度作为气候变化代用指标的理论依据进行了讨论,依据天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川的大量观测资料,建立和完善现代冰川平衡线高度与气候统计关系,从传统方法以区域范围内气候因子为参数改造为以冰川范围内气候因子为参数,通过检验认为改造后的公式比较合理.将公式外推到小冰期第二次冰进时的1号冰川,并运用侧碛垄最大高度法确定了小冰期第二次冰进时冰川的平衡线高度,给出了该次冰进时气候条件的半定量推算结果.证明利用山地冰川平衡线高度作为气候变化的代用指标,并且对气候状况进行半定量推断是可行的.     

南疆盆地沙尘气溶胶光学特性及我国沙尘天气强度划分标准的研究

依据气溶胶光学厚度测量原理,利用布设于塔里木盆地腹地塔中和盆地西南边缘和田气象站的2部CE318自动跟踪太阳光度计于2002年6月至2003年11月期间的探测结果,结合地面气象实测资料,分析了南疆盆地大气气溶胶的光学特性。同时结合我国已有的沙尘气溶胶光学特性的研究成果,初步提出了依据气溶胶光学厚度判断沙尘天气强度的标准。结果表明:塔中、和田气溶胶光学厚度随波长的增大多呈现减小趋势,塔中个别季节有些例外;2站气溶胶光学厚度的日变化基本保持对称的抛物线形,在春、夏季尤为明显;Angstrom浑浊度系数β的拟合曲线显示β随能见度增大而减小,波长指数α随能见度的变化趋势说明弱沙尘天气下,大气中主要弥漫着小粒径的气溶胶颗粒,而强沙尘天气则以大粒径为主;沙尘气溶胶光学厚度随晴空、浮尘、扬沙、沙尘暴依次增加;沙尘天气发生时,气溶胶光学厚度的临界值基本为晴空值的两倍,沙漠地区气溶胶光学厚度≥1.1206,北京≥0.3174。而发生沙尘暴的阈值则有很大不同,沙漠区气溶胶光学厚度至少 > 3.0,北京由于大气污染等因素,其判断沙尘暴发生的阈值为1.9982。另外笔者认为AOD与水平能见度之比值能够较全面地考虑水平和垂直两个方向的要素变化,衡量沙尘天气强度更具有合理意义,值得更深一步的探讨。     

珠江口伶仃洋滩槽变化及演变分析

借助GIS和遥感技术,计算分析了20a来珠江口伶仃洋滩槽演变特点,阐明了其变化原因和后果,并以此提醒人们要从可持续发展的高度规范岸区开发行为,以利于珠江三角洲的长期稳定发展.     

A simple method using climatic variables to estimate canopy temperature,sensible and latent heat fluxes in a winter wheat field on the North China Plain

Estimation of evapotranspiration from a crop field is of great importance for detecting crop water status and proper irrigation scheduling. The Penman–Monteith equation is widely viewed as the best method to estimate evapotranspiration but it requires canopy resistance, which is very difficult to determine in practice. This paper presents a simple method simplified from the Penman–Monteith equation for estimating canopy temperature (T_c). The proposed method is a biophysically‐sound extended version of that proposed by Todorovic. The estimated canopy temperature is used to calculate sensible heat flux, and then latent heat flux is calculated as the residual of the surface energy balance. An eddy covariance (EC) system and an infrared thermometer (IRT) were installed in an irrigated winter wheat field on the North China Plain in 2004 and 2005, to measure T_c, and sensible and latent heat fluxes were used to test the modified Todorovic model (MTD). The results indicate that the original Todorovic model (TD) severely underestimates T_c and sensible heat flux, and hence severely overestimates the latent heat flux. However, the MTD model has good capability for estimating T_c, and gives acceptable results for latent heat flux at both half‐hourly and daily scales. The MTD model results also agreed well with the evapotranspiration calculated from the measured T_c. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

矿区构造变形岩相形迹填图、矿化趋势度的实测及其地质找矿——以胶东玲珑金矿田阜山金矿区为例

以玲珑金矿田阜山金矿区为实测地区，研究了胶东构造岩浆岩浆活化区玲珑-焦家式金矿的矿源岩系，对2km^2内矿源岩的构造变形岩相形变进行1/2000填图。在此基础上，提出矿化趋势度（MTD）的概念并完成阜山金矿区矿化趋势度的分布图。矿化趋势度的概念及其填图研究方法对于探讨将成矿模型转化为找矿模型、逐步建立更具体量化的找矿预测实测方法有重要的参考价值和应用前景。     

地质空间信息元数据服务模式的实现

地质空间信息元数据为解决地质空间信息的共享提供了有效的手段。从地质空间信息核心元数据的标准着手,介绍了基于分布式结点自治的地质空间信息元数据服务体系的结构,给出了元数据的服务模式的解决方案。其中重点阐述了元数据的管理、发布与服务功能。将该元数据服务模式应用于国家地质空间信息网格平台,提供元数据应用的服务示范,取得了良好的信息共享应用效果。     

松南海坨子—大布苏地区泉四段— 姚家组层序地层研究

根据工区内现有的钻井、测井和地震资料,应用以多级次基准面旋回为参照面的高分辨层序地层学理论与研究方法,对松辽盆地南部海坨子—大布苏地区的泉四段—姚家组地层进行了详细的层序地层研究,共识别出5个长期基准面旋回（相当于三级层序）,9个中期基准面旋回（相当于四级层序）,建立了研究区的层序划分方案,在连井剖面的层序地层对比基础上,建立了该区的地层格架,并对层序构成特征进行了分析,研究了储集层在层序格架内的分布规律,揭示出浊积砂体和三角洲前缘相的分流河道形成于基准面上升期,三角洲前缘相的河口坝、远砂坝和席状砂沉积形成于基准面下降期,指出浊积砂体和三角洲前缘相的远砂坝、席状砂沉积是研究区形成岩性油气藏的有利储集体。     

多普勒天气雷达风场产品在螺旋度计算中的应用

本文介绍了一种利用新一代天气雷达风场产品VWP计算螺旋度的方法,通过对两次大面积降水个例的螺旋度诊断分析发现,利用VWP风场产品计算的螺旋度具有较高的时间分辨率,大面积降水的螺旋度变化趋势与降水变化趋势比较吻合,螺旋度变化一般提前于降水变化,有2—3 h的提前预报量;螺旋度数值的大小与降水量的大小一般没有明显线性关系;螺旋度可以作为观测雷达站上空风场随高度变化的一个敏感因子;利用VWP风场产品来作为计算螺旋度的风场资料是可行的,比起其它风场资料更适于短时(临近)预报的业务化工作。     

An Observational Analysis of a Derecho in South China

Derechos occur frequently in Europe and the United States, but reports of derechos in China are scarce. In this paper, radar, satellite, and surface observation data are used to analyze a derecho event in South China on 17 April 2011. A derecho-producing mesoscale convective system formed in an environment with medium convective available energy, strong vertical wind shear, and a dry layer in the middle troposphere, and progressed southward in tandem with a front and a surface wind convergence line. The windstorm can be divided into two stages according to differences in the characteristics of the radar echo and the causes of the gale. One stage was a supercell stage, in which the sinking rear inflow of a high-precipitation supercell with a bow-shaped radar echo induced a Fujita F0 class gale. The other stage was a non-supercell stage (the echo was sequentially kidney-shaped, foot-shaped, and an ordinary single cell), in which downbursts induced a gale in Fujita F1 class. This derecho event had many similarities with derechos observed in western countries. For example, the windstorm was perpendicular to the mean flow, the gale was located in the bulging portion of the bow echo, and the derecho moved southward along with the surface front. Some differences were observed as well. The synoptic-scale forcing was weak in the absence of an advancing high-amplitude midlevel trough and an accompanying strong surface cyclone; however, the vertical wind shear was very strong, a characteristic typical of derechos associated with strong synoptic-scale forcing. Extremely high values of convective available potential energy and downdraft convective available potential energy have previously been considered necessary to the formation of weak-forcing archetype and hybrid derechos; however, these values were much less than 2000 J during this derecho event.