烟台市夹河段海水入侵与时空演化研究

烟台市夹河下游河谷地区是海水入侵的最严重区域。传统上采用的单一指标(Cl—浓度分级)对海水入侵程度进行评价具有一定的局限性。论文运用模糊数学的基本思想方法,根据烟台市夹河近河口地区地下水水质受海水侵染的特点,并基于咸、淡水中的重要特征成分的显著差异,选取了Cl-、M、SO42-r、HCO3/rCl及SAR五项化学特征指标作为模糊综合评判海水入侵程度的评价指标。将模糊数学最大隶属度原则应用到海水入侵地下水水质评价中。建立了模糊数学模型。对海侵区中具典型意义的11个监测井点分3个年份(1994,1999及2004年)的海水入侵程度分别进行了评价。评价结果认为烟台市海水入侵主体规模在1994年就已基本形成,由套子湾沿岸向内延伸,在套子湾沿岸呈带状分布,向内宽度逐渐减小。严重浸染区集中在该区滨海平原沿海一带,沿海岸呈带状分布。评价结果较客观地反映了夹河近河口地区海水入侵的时空演化特点。     

烟台市海水入侵程度及影响因素探讨

介绍了烟台市开发区夹河地区20年来海水入侵的现状及过程。基于区内4个监测井点的长期观测资料,讨论了影响海水入侵程度的主要因素,认为烟台市海水入侵程度与区内地下水动态关联密切。在海侵区内,地下水被海水浸染的程度主要受地下水位降深控制,地下水降落漏斗范围内海水对地下水浸染程度随水位下降逐年加剧,而漏斗区外地下水质则多年保持相对稳定。     

煤炭三维地震勘探时深转换误差分析及对策

煤炭三维地震勘探对煤层作时深转换时常用的方法是：首先利用钻孔处的目的层铅垂深度除以钻孔处目的层的反射时间值的一半，算出各个钻孔处煤层的大平均速度，然后利用内插法绘制测区速度分布平面图。之后，把速度平面上各点的速度乘以时间平面图上反射时间的一半，得出深度平面图。该时深转换易产生误差，有些情况其误差甚至超过了规范要求。针对测区的实际情况，列举了在二层速度情况下用大平均速度作时深转换时误差分析的一些例子，并提出了如何消除误差的对策。     

西部乡镇国土资源电子政务推广和管理模式

贵州省国土资源厅于2005年6月启动乡镇级电子政务建设。2006年底,开始进入全面推广。由于该方案根据西部乡镇国土资源电子政务工作的特点制定出一套切实可行的管理措施和办法,至2007年4月,遵义县下辖的乡镇电子政务工作已出现前所未有的新局面。该模式充分利用全新的管理平台对各县进行实时监控、交流和管理,效果明显,解决了推广乡镇级电子政务带来问题。本文总结了西部乡镇国土资源电子政务的特点,供大家参考。     

奥运气象服务社会经济效益评估个例分析

科学定量地评估2008年北京奥运及演练期间气象信息服务所产生的社会经济效益，是奥运气象服务的一项重要工作，同时也是当前工作中的薄弱环节。在简要评述了近年来有关评估研究工作的基础上，综合应用了社会问卷调查、高端用户深度访谈等定量和定性研究相结合的方法，构建了满意度指数体系，包括：了解和满足用户的需求、预报发布时间和时效、用户对气象服务所产生效益的判断、奥运气象服务手册、用户指南和网站等服务和宣传手段，服务人员能力、针对不同预报要素的预报准确度、用户的未来意向以及对气象部门的整体印象等8类综合指标。首次提出了天气服务用户满意度指数（csiws），并以2006年女垒奥运测试为例进行实证分析，通过数学模型计算了奥组委等高端用户群的满意指数，来定量测量用户群对奥运气象信息服务的期望度和满意度。结果显示，用户对气象部门整体印象最满意，也发现目前奥运气象信息服务中存在的问题和改善的契机，在引导和挖掘用户需求、完善奥运气象宣传手册或用户服务指南以及广为宣传奥运气象官方网站等方面还要下功夫。     

2000年以来云南4次强降雪过程的对比分析

通过对2000年以来云南出现的4次强降雪过程进行分类对比分析和诊断分析, 结果表明:横槽型和北脊南槽型是4次强降雪的主要中高纬环流形势, 3次有南支槽配合, 1次无南支槽活动, 其中2次横槽型造成的强降雪范围广、强度大; 4次强降雪过程云南西侧都有充沛的水汽输送, 水汽通量增大 (即水汽的增加) 是云南强降雪的必备条件, 强降雪出现在较强水汽通量辐合区中, 且落区在辐合中心的偏东一侧、θ_se线陡立区附近以及暖湿不稳定区域; 强降雪在多普勒雷达上显示为20~30 dBz左右的层状云回波, 对流层中下层的高空冷暖平流和高空西南急流是有南支槽影响的强降雪天气的主要大尺度特征, 而低层偏东急流是无南支槽影响的强降雪的主要特征, 因此高低空急流的形成是强降雪的关键。     

Radio loudness of high-redshift (z≥3) quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

Using a homogenous sample of 1962 quasars with redshift 3.0≤z≲4.5 drawn from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), we study the relationships between radio loudness, virial black hole (BH) mass and Eddington ratio (accretion rate relative to the Eddington limit). For the radio-detected objects, we find a significant (>99.5 per cent) anticorrelation between radio loudness R parameter and BH mass, consistent with previous studies of low-redshift radio-loud quasars. The truly radio-loud quasars (R>30) are found to be confined to M _BH≲10¹⁰ M_⊙ within our sample. We also find that R is only weakly correlated with Eddington ratio L _bol/L _Edd. Combined with previous results on the low-redshift R−L _bol/L _Edd relation, this result indicates no strong L _bol/L _Edd dependence of R at L _bol/L _Edd≳10⁻². On the other hand, the large scatter in these relationships suggests that other physical properties such as BH spin and quasar clustering must also play an important role in quasar radio emission.     

源外斜坡区断裂附近油气聚集有利部位预测方法及其应用

为了明确含油气盆地源外斜坡区断裂附近油气分布规律,先统计研究区已知井点砂体地层砂地比值,将最小比值作为能储集油气砂体的所需最小值,圈闭出能储油砂体分布区;再通过计算得到砂体地层顶面古构造脊分布,将二者叠合部位确定为沿砂体侧向运移向断裂输送油气路径;然后计算圈出断裂侧向封闭部位,将其与能储集油气砂体分布区叠合,该叠合部位即可判定为断砂配置圈闭油气部位。笔者建立了预测源外斜坡区断裂附近油气聚集有利部位的方法,既将输送油气路径和断砂配置圈闭油气耦合部位预测为油气聚集有利部位。将该方法应用于渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷源外歧南斜坡区赵北断裂附近沙一段下部油气聚集有利部位预测中。预测结果显示,源外歧南斜坡区赵北断裂附近沙一段下部油源聚集有利部位主要有2处,均分布在赵北断裂西部,与目前赵北断裂附近沙一段下部已发现油气主要分布在西部相吻合,表明该方法用于预测源外斜坡区赵北断裂附近油气聚集是可行的。     

Effects of bed longitudinal inflexion and sediment porosity on basal entrainment mechanism: insights from laboratory debris flows

Channel morphology and bed sediment erodibility are two crucial factors that significantly affect debris flow entrainment processes. Current debris flow entrainment models mostly hypothesize the erodible beds are infinite with uniform slopes. In this study, a series of small-scale flume experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of bed longitudinal inflexion and sediment porosity on basal entrainment characteristics. Experimental observations revealed that sediment entrainment is negligible at early stages and accelerates rapidly as several erosion points appear. Continual evolution of flow-bed interfaces changes interactions between debris flows and bed sediments, rendering the interfacial shear action involved into a mixed shear and frontal collisional action. Lower bed sediment porosity will change the spatial arrangement and orientation of particle mixture, strengthen the interlocking and anti-slide forces of adjacent sediment particles, and promote the formation of particle clusters, all of which will increase bed sediment resistance to erosion. By examining the post-experimental bed morphology, the slope-cutting amounts and topographic reliefs are determined to positively correlate with longitudinal transition angles. These high topographic reliefs may indicate the propensity of triangular slab erosion, rather than strip-shaped slab erosion, in non-uniform channels with relatively steep erodible beds. Empirical formulas are obtained that denote the relationships among bed sediment strength, channel curvature radius, and sediment porosity through a multi-parameter regression analysis. This study may aid in clarifying the complex coupling effects of spatial variations in debris flow dynamics as well as sediment erodibility and bed morphology in non-uniform channels with abundant seismic loose material.

     

Numerical modeling of the Sakuma Dam reservoir sedimentation

The present study attempts to predict the reservoir sedimentation in 32 km region of the Tenryu River between the Hiraoka and Sakuma Dams in Japan. For numerical simulations of the reservoir sedimentation, the one-dimensional model of the Hydrologic Engineering Centre-River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) is used together with the inclusion of channel geometry, bed gradation curve, Exner-5 bed sorting mechanisms, fall velocity of the particle, and flow and sediment boundary conditions pertaining to modeling region. The modeling region of the Tenryu River is divided into 48 river stations with 47 reaches in the numerical simulations. The numerical model is calibrated using the available data for 48 years from 1957 to 2004. The formulae of sediment transport function, Manning’s roughness coefficient, computational increment and fall velocity have been identified for getting the best estimation of the Sakuma Dam reservoir sedimentation. Combination of obtained sensitive parameters and erodible limits of 2 m gave the best comparison with the measured bed profile. The computed results follow the trend of measured data with a small underestimation. Although Manning’s roughness coefficient has an effect on the sedimentation, no direct relation is found between the Manning’s roughness coefficient and reservoir sedimentation. It is found that the temperature of water has no effect on the reservoir sedimentation.