13．7m抛物面天线增益测量和太阳射电流量密度定标

以新月时月亮的射电辐射为温度基准和准口面温度定标的方法，在２２ＧＨｚ频率上于１９９３年７月～３月测量了１３．７ｍ射电望远镜抛物面天线的增益。根据测量的增益值（６７．１０─±０．０７ｄｂ）定标了太阳射电流量，流量测量的系统差为±５．８％，偶然差为±２．７％，测量的宁静太阳亮温度（非源区）为１０１００±３００Ｋ。除此之外，还推导和计算了不同源模型下的天线方向图改正因子Ｋｓ，并计算了太阳射电源的流量密度。     

相速、群速和能量传播速度

本文论述群速和能量传播速度的基本概念,并对相速、群速及能量传播速度的联系及区别作了讨论。     

Impacts of Land-Use Data on the Simulation of Surface Air Temperature in Northwest China

This study examines the impacts of land-use data on the simulation of surface air temperature in Northwest China by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. International Geosphere–Biosphere Program (IGBP) landuse data with 500-m spatial resolution are generated from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite products. These data are used to replace the default U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) land-use data in the WRF model. Based on the data recorded by national basic meteorological observing stations in Northwest China, results are compared and evaluated. It is found that replacing the default USGS land-use data in the WRF model with the IGBP data improves the ability of the model to simulate surface air temperature in Northwest China in July and December 2015. Errors in the simulated daytime surface air temperature are reduced, while the results vary between seasons. There is some variation in the degree and range of impacts of land-use data on surface air temperature among seasons. Using the IGBP data, the simulated daytime surface air temperature in July 2015 improves at a relatively small number of stations, but to a relatively large degree; whereas the simulation of daytime surface air temperature in December 2015 improves at almost all stations, but only to a relatively small degree (within 1°C). Mitigation of daytime surface air temperature overestimation in July 2015 is influenced mainly by the change in ground heat flux. The modification of underestimated temperature comes mainly from the improvement of simulated net radiation in December 2015.     

“云上贵州”平台下的市县国土资源信息整合实践与思考——以遵义市为例

“云上贵州”平台应用正在向市县国土资源部门延伸,贵州省“国土资源云”与贵州省“政务云”的横向信息资源整合进入实质性阶段,国土资源政务信息资源如何与当地政府信息资源整合,成为市县国土资源信息化面临的新课题.本文以遵义市为例,利用“云上贵州”平台信息资源整合的契机,实现市县国土政务信息资源跨部门、跨行业、跨平台的共享协同,逐步消除“信息孤岛”,促进国土资源决策科学化、监管精准化、服务便利化.     

Spatiotemporal variations in rainfall erosivity during the period of 1960–2011 in Guangdong Province,southern China

Rainfall erosivity, which shows a potential risk of soil loss caused by water erosion, is an important factor in soil erosion process. In consideration of the critical condition of soil erosion induced by rainfall in Guangdong Province of southern China, this study analyzed the spatial and temporal variations in rainfall erosivity based on daily rainfall data observed at 25 meteorological stations during the period of 1960–2011. The methods of global spatial autocorrelation, kriging interpolation, Mann–Kendall test, and continuous wavelet transform were used. Results revealed that the annual rainfall erosivity in Guangdong Province, which spatially varied with the maximum level observed in June, was classified as high erosivity with two peaks that occur in spring and summer. In the direction of south–north, mean annual rainfall erosivity, which showed significant relationships with mean annual rainfall and latitude, gradually decreased with the high values mainly distributed in the coastal area and the low values mainly occurring in the lowlands of northwestern Guangdong. Meanwhile, a significant positive spatial autocorrelation which implied a clustered pattern was observed for annual rainfall erosivity. The spatial distribution of seasonal rainfall erosivity exhibited clustering tendencies, except spring erosivity with Moran’s I and Z values of 0.1 and 1.04, respectively. The spatial distribution of monthly rainfall erosivity presented clustered patterns in January–March and July–October as well as random patterns in the remaining months. The temporal trend of mean rainfall erosivity in Guangdong Province showed no statistically significant trend at the annual, seasonal, and monthly scales. However, at each station, 1 out of 25 stations exhibited a statistically significant trend at the annual scale; 4 stations located around the Pearl River Delta presented significant trends in summer at the seasonal scale; significant trends were observed in March (increasing trends at 3 stations), June (increasing trends at 4 stations located in the Beijiang River Basin), and October (decreasing trends at 4 stations) at the monthly scale. In accordance with the mean annual rainfall over Guangdong Province, the mean annual rainfall erosivity showed two significant periodicities of 3–6 and 10–12 years at a confidence level of 95 %. In conclusion, the results of this study provide insights into the spatiotemporal variation in rainfall erosivity in Guangdong Province and support for agrolandscape planning and water and soil conservation efforts in this region.     

喜马拉雅山南坡冬季暴雪对高原南部冰芯中稳定同位素记录的影响

聂拉木气象站降水中 δ18O的变化表明 ,夏季降水中 δ18O为一低值阶段 ;冬季降水中 δ18O总的来说为一高值阶段 ,但冬季暴风雪中δ18O的值和夏季强的季风活动中降水的δ18O一样很低。由于该地区冬季降水十分活跃 ,冬季降水中 δ18O的变化对该地区冰芯记录将产生重要的影响。首先是用δ18O的季节变化来对冰芯定年产生一定的困难 ,其次喜马拉雅山中段冰芯中的δ18O记录不仅包括了夏季季风活动的强弱信息 ,而且冬季强的暴风雪过程也记录在内。     

山东济阳坳陷岩层空隙比与应力传递速度的相关性研究

统计了不同深度测层的群井降水附加应力从开始传递到水位响应的间隔时段，在此基础上建立了应力在地层中传递深度－时间相关模式，进行了有关参数反演，并结合相关地质、气象等资料，提出了岩层空隙比－应力传递速度的相关模型。该模型说明了应力传递速度与岩层结构、构造的内在联系，为不同类型应力在不同空隙比岩层中的单层传播速度、组合层段传播所需时间计算提供了简单、有效的方法，也为识别降水引起的附加应力对深井水位动态的干扰提供了依据     

EFFECT OF PLANETARY AND SYNOPTIC SCALE WAVES IN MAINTAINING MERIDIONAL CIRCULATIONS AT MID AND LOW LATITUDES*

Following Wu and Chen(1989), in terms of the elliptical differential equation with mean meridional stream function, an equation similar in form to that developed by Kuo(1956) and by use of time average statistics of atmospheric circulation in wavenumber domains at the same intervals of time, a study is made of the contribution of the internal forcing of the atmosphere in two space scales to mean meridional circulation. Results show that planetary waves have considerable influence on the intensity of the upper center of the bi-Hadley cell, and, in contrast, synoptic-scale waves exert vital effect on the Ferrel cell, and that in the Northern Hamisphere(NH) such internal forcings by planetary- and synoptic-scale waves are comparable on mean meridional circulations whereas the latter contribute far more than the former in the Southern Hemisphere(SH).Further, in the northern winter(summer) the contribution of heat(angular momentum) transport of planetary waves allows the descending(ascending) branch to occur as far as around 40°N, some kind of effect that makes quite important contribution to the winter(summer) monsoon circulation in eastern Asia.     

HYDRODYNAMIC MODELLING OF ESTUARINE CIRCULATION USING A SPLINE METHOD OF FRACTIONAL STEPS

I. INTRODUCTIONNumerical models of estuaries incorporating simulation of the density induced circulation are consideredimPOrtant tools in the assessment of their dispersive characteristics. Most models to date have used finite difference approximations to the governing equations (see for example thericke and Hogan, 1977, Blumberg,1 977, Perrels and Karelse, 1978). A numeriCal model of estuarine circulation using a SADI (Spline Alternating Direction implicit) procedure together with a…