Integral Turbulence Statistics Over a Central European City Centre

Atmospheric measurements over 5 years (2005–2010) at two sites in ?ód?, central Poland have been analyzed to develop a better understanding of turbulence in urban areas. Fast response wind velocity, temperature, humidity and CO₂ concentration were measured using sonic anemometers and gas analyzers, placed on narrow masts at 37 and 42 m above the ground. The measurements were used to calculate standard deviations of each parameter, and were then normalized according to local Monin–Obukhov similarity theory and plotted as a function of stability parameter ζ = z′/L. Results for the wind components show typical scaling with a power law with exponent ±1/3 in the free convection limit, and that approaches a constant value close to neutral stratification. For stable conditions, the constant value in the neutral limit remains the same for stability parameters lower than 0.1–0.2, then increases. The normalized standard deviation of temperature fits the ?1/3 law in the free convection limit, approaching a constant value within a stable limit. However, it exhibits hyperbolic characteristics for close to neutral stratification. The normalized standard deviations for humidity and CO₂ concentration exhibit scaling similar to the wind components in the unstable regime and remain constant in the stable domain. The results for the wind components and for temperature are in the range of various functions found in other studies. The absolute values for humidity and CO₂ concentration seem to be slightly higher, but only single examples of such investigations can be found in the literature.     

SWAN系统中雷达反射率因子质量控制算法及其应用

介绍了SWAN系统中雷达反射率因子质量控制算法原理,包括数据预处理、孤立噪声回波过滤、超折射回波抑制3部分.数据预处理将原始雷达资料转换为统一的RD20格式,并检测数据质量.孤立噪声回波过滤包括双向搜索、回波特征量过滤法.超折射（Anomalous Propagation,AP）回波抑制采用模糊逻辑原理.介绍算法配置参数,通过对比分析武汉、随州、西安雷达AP识别因子概率分布图可知,三者是类似的,表明默认参数的适用性.评估表明,该方法可过滤掉大部分AP回波,缺点是未能识别部分远距离AP回波以及错误识别部分降水回波.     

SECOND-ORDER SOLUTION FOR THE ZONAL PROBLEM OF SATELLITE THEORY

The analytical solution for the perturbations of an artificial satellite due to the zonal part of the geopotential is presented. The Hamiltonian is fully normalized up to the second order by a single averaging transformation and the generating function is given explicitly. The formulas allow an arbitrarily high degree of geopotential harmonics to be included. The transformation from mean to osculating variables or vice versa is performed by means of a numerical method proposed by the author in a previous paper (Breiter,1997): periodic perturbations are computed by means of a Runge-Kutta method of order 2 instead of being explicitly derived from a generator. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

An Observational Study of Contact Binaries with Large Temperature Differences Between Components

In this paper we investigate a sample of contact eclipsing binary systems, which exhibit a large temperature difference (at least 1000 K) between the components. Considering the effective temperature of the primary star, the systems were divided into three groups. We applied a Monte Carlo method as a more suitable procedure for the search of the system configurations previously known as contact binaries with a large temperature difference and with a negligible value of the filling factor. Using only data presented in the literature, we found that the geometrical configuration of almost all systems from the second group is near-contact rather than contact.     

Tides and Arp's hypothesis about distribution of Hii regions

We discuss Arp's hypothesis that the HII regions are more numerous and more conspicuous on the side of a galaxy facing its companion. Arp's hypothesis seems not to be true if we add to Hodge's sets of galaxies only the most probably tidally-interacting cases.     

Relativistic hierarchical cosmology

In this paper we discuss a hierarchical model of Universe which was proposed by Wesson (1975). We assert that the mathematical formalism used by Wesson leads to contradiction with Einstein's equations.     

Laboratory studies for beam plasma discharge experiments with rockets

Laboratory results of beam plasma discharge (BPD) (dimensions several metres) in a homogeneous atmosphere and a jet of neutral gas are presented. The beam was obtained by an electron gun of the same type as used in rocket experiments.The BPD parameters glow intensity, electromagnetic field and its spectrum, electron density as well as the flux of scattered electrons were measured. In addition, photographs of the BPD were taken. The threshold of BPD ignition was determined as a function of gas pressure and beam parameters. The initial stage of BPD formation as well as various types of oscillatory processes in the discharge were studied. A possible process of BPD initiation is presented.     

Abnormal features of Macoma balthica (Bivalvia) in the Baltic Sea: alerting symptoms of environmental adversity?

Recent studies of the Baltic clam Macoma balthica (L.) from the southern Baltic (the Gulf of Gdansk) have revealed striking morphological, histological and cytogenetic features. Strong deformation of the shell, including elongation of the posterior end and the appearance of an easily visible flexure in this part, has been recorded. The population contribution of the deformed blunt shelled ("irregular") clams ranged from 0% to 65% and tended to increase with depth. The morphologically "irregular" clams had higher accumulated tissue concentrations of trace metals (As, Ag, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn), indicating a different metal handling ability. Adverse conditions in deeper water regions of the Gulf (e.g. hypoxia, hydrogen sulphide, elevated bioavailability of contaminants) have been suggested as inducers of the phenotypical changes (morphological deformation) in part of the population and, in parallel, of the specific physiological adaptations that result in higher metal accumulation in the "irregular" clams. Cytogenetic and histological analyses showed the presence of tumours in gill cells and digestive system of the affected clams, the prevalence of disseminated neoplasia ranging from 0% to 94% depending on the site. The disease was manifested by a modified karyotype (i.e. an abnormal number and morphology of chromosomes), a higher activity of nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs), and tissue lesions (enlarged cells, actively proliferative with pleomorphic nuclei). Bottom sediments showed acute toxicity and have been proposed as a source of an initialising carcinogenic factor. However, none of the ecotoxicological studies provided was successful in the clear demonstration of a single (or multifactorial) agent that can account for the disseminated neoplasia.     

The eastern continuation of the Cadomian orogen: U–Pb zircon evidence from Saxo-Thuringian granitoids in south-western Poland and the northern Czech Republic

We report U–Pb single zircon ages from three pre-Variscan granitoids in the NE part of the Bohemian Massif. The Platerówka granodiorite from the Lausitz-Izera Unit, the Polish Sudetes, has been dated at 533±9 Ma. The Bitouchov granite form the SW part of the South Krkonoe Unit, the Czech Sudetes, gave an age of 540+11/–10 Ma, and the Wdroe granodiorite in the Fore-Sudetic Block yielded 548±9 Ma. All these latest Vendian/Early Cambrian granitoids represent the post-tectonic expression of a late Proterozoic Cadomian orogenic cycle and demonstrate the eastward extent of the Cadomian basement into the Variscan orogen. Granodiorites of similar age have so far been reported from Brittany and especially from the Saxo-Thuringian Terrane to the NE and SW of the Elbe Fault Zone. We conclude that the Saxo-Thuringian Terrane extends across the Elbe and Sudetic Marginal Fault Zones into the Fore-Sudetic Block.     

Neoproterozoic and Cambro-Ordovician magmatism in the Variscan Kłodzko Metamorphic Complex (West Sudetes,Poland): new insights from U/Pb zircon dating

The Kodzko Metamorphic Complex (KMC) in the Central Sudetes consists of meta-sedimentary and meta-igneous rocks metamorphosed under greenschist to amphibolite facies conditions. They are comprised in a number of separate tectonic units interpreted as thrust sheets. In contrast to other Lower Palaeozoic volcano-sedimentary successions in the Sudetes, the two uppermost units (the Orla-Googowy unit and the Kodzko Fortress unit) of the KMC contain meta-igneous rocks with supra-subduction zone affinities. The age of the KMC was previously assumed to be Early Palaeozoic–Devonian, based on biostratigraphic findings in the lowermost tectonic unit. Our geochronological study focused on the magmatic rocks from the two uppermost tectonic units, exposed in the SW part of the KMC. Two orthogneiss samples from the Orla-Googowy unit yielded ages of 500.4±3.1 and 500.2±4.9 Ma, interpreted to indicate the crystallization age of the granitic precursors. A plagioclase gneiss from the same tectonic unit, intimately interlayered with metagabbro, provided an upper intercept age of 590.1±7.2 Ma, which is interpreted as the time of igneous crystallization. From the topmost Kodzko Fortress unit, a metatuffite was studied, which contains a mixture of genetically different zircon grains. The youngest ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages, which cluster at ca. 590-600 Ma, are interpreted to indicate the maximum depositional age for this metasediment. The results of this study are in accord with a model that suggests a nappe structure for the KMC, with a Middle Devonian succession at the base and Upper Proterozoic units at structurally higher levels. It is suggested here that the KMC represents a composite tectonic suture that juxtaposes elements of pre-Variscan basement, intruded by the Lower Ordovician granite, against a Middle Palaeozoic passive margin succession. The new ages, combined with the overall geochemical variation in the KMC, indicate the existence of rock assemblages representing a Gondwana active margin. The recognition of Neoproterozoic subduction-related magmatism provides additional arguments for the hypothesis that equivalents of the Teplá-Barrandian domain are exposed in the Central Sudetes.