Composition of hydrous melts in equilibrium with quartz eclogites

Summary Compositions of the hydrous melts in equilibrium with garnet, omphacitic clinopyroxene and quartz have been investigated experimentally at 28.5 and 35 kbar. They are represented by silica-rich liquids (> 70% SiO₂) with low MgO, FeO and CaO contents. The removal of ca 10–15% of the magma of this composition may be sufficient to convert quartz eclogite formed after subduction of altered MORB into a quartz-free bimineralic eclogite assemblage, which is a common type of xenoliths in kimberlites.At 28.5 kbar the solidus temperature is between 700 and 750° C in the system quartz eclogite—water, and the high pressure amphibole-out boundary lies at ca 25 kbar in accord with the previous studies.

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Die Zusammensetzung wasserhältiger Schmelzen im Gleichgewicht mit Quarz-Eklogiten

Zusammenfassung Um Prozesse zu simulieren, die bei der Subduktion von Ozeanbodenbasalten durch partielle Anatexis im Stabilitätsfeld von Eklogiten ablaufen, wurde die Zusammensetzung wasserhältiger Schmelzen in Gleichgewicht mit Granat, Omphacit und Quarz bei 28.5 und 35 Kbar experimentell untersucht. Diese Schmelzen sind reich an SiO₂ (> 70 Gew%) und arm an Mg0, Fe0 and CaO. Die Extraktion von ca. 10–15% derartiger Schmelzen würde genügen, um quarzführende Eklogite, die durch die Subduktion von alteriertem MORB Material entstanden sind, in quarzfreie bimineralische Eklogite umzuwandeln wie sie häufig als Xenolithe in Kimberliten beobachtet werden.Im System Quarz-Eklogit-Wasser liegt die Solidustemperatur bei 28.5 Kbar zwischen 700 und 750°C. Die obere Stabilitätsgrenze von Amphibol liegt in diesem Temperaturbereich bei ca. 25 Kbar.

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The efficiency of detention reservoirs for flood control on the Jafar Abad River in Golestan province (Iran)

In order to investigate the effect of detention reservoirs on flood, the precipitation-runoff process as well as the reservoir routing was simulated with the HEC-HMS software. The model was run under four different scenarios (without a reservoir and with an empty, half-full, and full reservoir) and with different return periods of from 2 to 100 years in the Jafar Abad River basin, Golestan province, Iran. The statistical analysis of the results was based on one-way analysis of variance. To study the effect of reservoirs, two indices were used: the Flood Attenuation Rate (FAR) and Storage Ratio (SR). The results indicated that the construction of detention reservoirs leads to the decrease in peak discharge and the volume of flood that leaves the reservoir and postpones the incidence of the peak discharge. The influence of the reservoir diminishes with the prolongation of the return period. The maximum level of flood volume reduction for empty, half-full, and full reservoirs was 61.1, 33.2, and 0.8%, respectively, and for the peak discharge was 63.9, 32.8, and 6.6%, respectively. The maximum value of FAR for reservoirs under empty, half-full, and full conditions were 26, 19, and 7%, respectively. Similarly, the maximum SR for the empty and half-full reservoirs was 14 and 5%, respectively, thus showing the efficiency of reservoirs in flood control. Also, the results demonstrate that the efficiency of reservoirs in flood control not only depends on the reservoir volume and the amount of flood, but also on the geometric properties of the reservoir and weir.     

Origin of well-rounded gravels in glacial deposits from Brøggerhalvøya, northwest Spitsbergen: potential problems caused by sediment reworking in the glacial environment

Well-rounded gravels are described from moraine-mound complexes, diamicton forefields and modern englacial thrusts at the margins of four glaciers on the northern side of Brøggerhalvøya, northwest Spitsbergen. Their shape charcteristics are compared with modern and fossil glacigenic, modern beach and Early Weichselian beach gravels from this peninsula. The best discriminators of the well-rounded gravels have been found to be the percentage-frequency roundness histograms, the roundness mid-point and roundness range diagrams and the sphericity-roundness plots. It is concluded that the gravels have been derived by englacial thrusting from Early Weichselian or last interglacial beaches in the inner parts of the fjord and in the low level cirques when sea level reached at least 50m a.s.l. and deposited the beach gravels. The discrimination between gravel in basal diamictons, proglacial outwash and modern beaches is difficult as the reworking has resulted in little particle shape change. The potential major problem caused by reworking in the glacial environment is emphasised. especially when clast shape comparisons from modern environments to older sediments are used.     

Geochemistry of sedimentary rocks from Permian–Triassic boundary sections of Tethys Himalaya: implications for paleo-weathering,provenance, and tectonic setting

The geochemical characteristics of two sections—the Permian–Triassic boundary (PTB) Guryul Ravine section, Kashmir Valley, Jammu and Kashmir, India; and the Attargoo section, Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India—have been studied in the context of provenance, paleo-weathering, and plate tectonic setting. These sections represent the siliciclastic sedimentary sequence from the Tethys Himalaya. The PTB siliciclastic sedimentary sequence in these regions primarily consists of sandstones and shales with variable thickness. Present studied sandstones and shales of both sections had chemical index of alteration values between 65 and 74; such values reveal low-to-moderate degree of chemical weathering. The chemical index of weathering in studied samples ranged from 71 to 94, suggesting a minor K-metasomatism effect on these samples. Plagioclase index of alteration in studied sections ranged from 68 to 92, indicating a moderate degree of weathering of plagioclase feldspars. The provenance discriminant function diagram suggests that the detritus involved in the formation of present studied siliciclastic sedimentary rocks fall in quartzose sedimentary and felsic igneous provenances. These sediments were deposited in a passive continental margin plate tectonic setting according to their location on a Si₂O versus K₂O/Na₂O tectonic setting diagram.     

Computer processing of LANDSAT-1 data and imagery generation

LANDSAT-1 (ERTS-1) data of the complete scene, 1218-04320, covering an area 185 Km x 185 Km in the Godavari Valley, India was computer processed in the Computer Division of the Oil and Natural Gas Commissíon to produce an imagery of readily recognizable land forms. Comparison with the original maps supplied by NASA showed an amazing agreement in quality. Computer oriented data enhancement techniques were developed and the data was reprocessed with the help of these techniques. The resulting imagery reveal an improvement over the originals. The computer software package developed to-date comprises nine different programmes to process the LANDSAT data on the IBM 360, 370 series.     

Ein Cluster-Verfahren zur richtungsstatistischen Analyse tektonischer Daten

Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Cluster-Verfahren vorgestellt, mit dem in einer Menge von Richtungsdaten die Einzelwerte mit Hilfe eines vorgegebenen variablen Trennmaßes zu verschiedenen Gruppen zusammengefaßt werden. Richtungsstatistische Parameter werden für jede Gruppe berechnet. Außerdem wird ein Signifikanztest für die Trennung der Gruppen voneinander durchgeführt.

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A cluster algorithm for orientation data is presented. It separates groupes of neighboring data by the use of a variable measure of separation. Statistical orientation parameters are calculated for each group and a significance test for the separation of the groups is carried out.

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Résumé Un algorithme pour l'analyse des groupes de vecteurs est présenté. Il sépare des groupes de données voisines en utilisant une mesure variable de séparation. Des paramètres statistiques d'orientation sont calculés pour chacun d'eux, et un test de signification pour séparation des groupes est effectué.

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In situ tests for ice strength measurements

Ice effects have caused extensive damage. Enormous forces have been recorded. On the other hand, ice has been used as a structural material under various situations. To use ice beneficially and to assess the danger of ice forces, it is necessary to know the mechanical properties of ice.Results from the large number of ice tests carried out in laboratories show the difficulties of sampling and testing procedures. Most of the tests have not reproduced faithfully enough the conditions existing in nature. To obtain adequate results, laborious and slow samplings and preparations of test specimens have been necessary. Recently, extensive use has been made of in situ tests in order to reduce the number of factors whixh can induce errors in measurements. Large scale tests have simulated actual structures. General ice properties have become available from small-scale in situ tests. Since these tests give rapid results, a large number are already available with a good coverage of field conditions.A theoretical basis has been devised for these in situ tests which measure essentially the unconfined and confined compressive strengths of ice, and practical devices have been developed to execute these tests. A correlation of measurements from laboratory tests and in situ tests has established a link between natural and artificial environments. Brittle elastic and clastic theories have been applied, to find the best correlations for ice tests. Test results have been related to the mechanical properties as used in engineering practice.A very summary conclusion of results is that cold sea ice and cold fresh water ice are both very strong. However, depending on the load rate, ice can be quite brittle, which mitigates dangerous effects from ice action against massive structures.