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121.
利用我国基本和基准气象台站1956—2005年的一日4次风向和风速资料, 对近50年我国风向变化做了尝试性分析。分析发现:我国大部分地区年最大风向频率呈减小趋势, 其中西北、华南和西南地区最大风向频率减小趋势最为显著, 只有西部个别地区略有增加; 全国大部分地区年最大风向频率对应的风速均呈明显的减小趋势。同时, 年最大风向频率对应的风速减小趋势比年平均风速的减小趋势更为显著, 最大风向频率对应的风速减小是平均风速减小的主导因素; 我国冬季主要盛行的偏北风和夏季主要盛行的偏南风都呈明显的减小趋势。偏北风(冬季)和偏南风(夏季)的减小主要是亚洲冬季风和夏季风减弱造成的。 相似文献
122.
Gert-Jan Nabuurs Eric J. M. M. Arets Mart-Jan Schelhaas 《Carbon balance and management》2018,13(1):18
Background
In June 2018, the European Parliament and Council of the European Union adopted a legislative regulation for incorporating greenhouse gas emissions and removals from Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (EU-LULUCF) under its 2030 Climate and Energy Framework. The LULUCF regulation aim to incentivise EU Member States to decrease greenhouse gas emissions and increase removals in the LULUCF sector. The regulation, however, does not set a target for increasing the LULUCF carbon sink, but rather includes a ‘no net debit’ target for LULUCF (Forests and Agricultural soils). For Managed Forest Land (MFL) an accounting framework with capped credits for additional mitigation against a set forest reference level (FRL) was agreed for 2021–2030. The FRL gives the projected future carbon sink in the two compliance periods 2021–2025 and 2026–2030 under “continuation of forest management practices as they were in the reference period 2000–2009”. This FRL was disputed by some Member States as it was perceived to put a limit on their future wood harvesting from MFL. Here we simulated with the EFISCEN European forest model the “continuation of forest management practices” and determined the corresponding wood harvest for 26 EU countries under progressing age classes.Results
The simulations showed that under “continuation of forest management practices” the harvest (wood removals) in the 26 EU countries as a whole can increase from 420 million m3/year in 2000–2009 to 560 million m3/year in 2050 due to progressing age classes. This implies there is a possibility to increase absolute wood harvests without creating debits compared to the forest reference level. However, the manner in which ‘continuation of forest management’ developed with a progressing age class development over time, meant that in some countries the future harvesting exceeded 90% of the increment. Since this generally is considered to be unsustainable we additionally set a harvesting cut-off as max 90% of increment to be harvested for each individual country as a possible interpretation of sustainability criteria that are included in the regulation. Using this additional limit the projected harvest will only increase to 493 million m3/year.Conclusions
The worry from Member States (MS) that the FRL will prevent any additional harvesting seems unwarranted. Due to differences between Member States concerning the state of their forest resources, the FRL as a baseline for harvesting works out very differently for the different Member States. The FRL may have other unforeseen consequences which we discuss. Under all scenarios the living forest biomass sink shows a decline. This can be counteracted through incentivising measures under Climate Smart Forestry.123.
In order to reduce the uncertainty of offline land surface model(LSM) simulations of land evapotranspiration(ET), we used ensemble simulations based on three meteorological forcing datasets [Princeton, ITPCAS(Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Qian] and four LSMs(BATS, VIC, CLM3.0 and CLM3.5), to explore the trends and spatiotemporal characteristics of ET, as well as the spatiotemporal pattern of ET in response to climate factors over mainland China during 1982–2007. The results showed that various simulations of each member and their arithmetic mean(Ens Mean) could capture the spatial distribution and seasonal pattern of ET sufficiently well, where they exhibited more significant spatial and seasonal variation in the ET compared with observation-based ET estimates(Obs MTE). For the mean annual ET, we found that the BATS forced by Princeton forcing overestimated the annual mean ET compared with Obs MTE for most of the basins in China, whereas the VIC forced by Princeton forcing showed underestimations. By contrast, the Ens Mean was closer to Obs MTE, although the results were underestimated over Southeast China. Furthermore, both the Obs MTE and Ens Mean exhibited a significant increasing trend during 1982–98; whereas after 1998, when the last big EI Ni ?no event occurred, the Ens Mean tended to decrease significantly between 1999 and 2007, although the change was not significant for Obs MTE. Changes in air temperature and shortwave radiation played key roles in the long-term variation in ET over the humid area of China, but precipitation mainly controlled the long-term variation in ET in arid and semi-arid areas of China. 相似文献
124.
中国西部积雪对我国汛期降水的影响 总被引:19,自引:6,他引:19
本文利用台站及卫星资料建立了中国西部积雪30年逐月时间序列。该序列是目前资料时间最长、最好的序列,为研究该区积雪月际和年际变化及其影响提供了较可靠的依据。中国西部冬春积雪对我国汛期降水的影响平均为负相关趋势,与6月降水的相关分布较有规律,冬春多(少),其它地区6月降水偏多(少)。我国西部多(少)雪对6月从份500hPa高度的变化是:高原北边高纬高度降低(升高)及副热地区升高(降低),有(不)利于高 相似文献
125.
Indoor radon is considered as one of the potential dangerous radioactive elements. Common building materials and soil are the major source of this radon gas in the indoor environment. In the present study, the measurement of radon exhalation rate in the soil and building material samples of Una and Hamirpur districts of Himachal Pradesh has been done with solid state alpha track detectors, LR-115 type-II plastic track detectors. The radon exhalation rate for the soil samples varies from 39.1 to 91.2 mBq kg?1 h?1 with a mean value 59.7 mBq kg?1 h?1. Also the radium concentration of the studied area is found and it varies from 30.6 to 51.9 Bq kg?1 with a mean value 41.6 Bq kg?1. The exhalation rate for the building material samples varies from 40.72 (sandstone) to 81.40 mBq kg?1 h?1 (granite) with a mean value of 59.94 mBq kg?1 h?1. 相似文献
126.
Numerical simulation of oil migration and accumulation is to describe the history of oil migration and accumulation in basin
evolution. It is of great value to the evaluation of oil resources and to the determination of the location and amount of
oil deposits. This thesis discusses the characteristics of petroleum geology and permeation fluid mechanics. For the three-dimensional
problems of Dongying hollow of Shengli Petroleum Oil Field, it puts forward a new model and a kind of modified method of upwind
finite difference fractional steps implicit interactive scheme. For the famous hydraulic experiment of secondary migration–accumulation,
the numerical simulation test has been done, and both the computational and experimental results are basically identical.
For the actual problem of Dongying hollow, the numerical simulation test and the actual conditions are basically coincident.
Thus, the well-known problem has been solved. 相似文献
127.
Steven Creighton Thomas Stachel Sergei Matveev Heidi Höfer Catherine McCammon Robert W. Luth 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2009,157(4):491-504
The oxidation state, reflected in the oxygen fugacity (fO2), of the subcratonic lithospheric mantle is laterally and vertically heterogeneous. In the garnet stability field, the Kaapvaal
lithospheric mantle becomes progressively more reducing with increasing depth from Δlog fO2 FMQ-2 at 110 km to FMQ-4 at 210 km. Oxidation accompanying metasomatism has obscured this crystal-chemical controlled depth-fO2 trend in the mantle beneath Kimberley, South Africa. Chondrite normalized REE patterns for garnets, preserve evidence of
a range in metasomatic enrichment from mild metasomatism in harzburgites to extensive metasomatism by LREE-enriched fluids
and melts with fairly unfractionated LREE/HREE ratios in phlogopite-bearing lherzolites. The metasomatized xenoliths record
redox conditions extending up to Δlog fO2 = FMQ, sufficiently oxidized that magnesite would be the stable host of carbon in the most metasomatized samples. The most
oxidized lherzolites, those in or near the carbonate stability field, have the greatest modal abundance of phlogopite and
clinopyroxene. Clinopyroxene is modally less abundant or absent in the most reduced peridotite samples. The infiltration of
metasomatic fluids/melts into diamondiferous lithospheric mantle beneath the Kaapvaal craton converted reduced, anhydrous
harzburgite into variably oxidized phlogopite-bearing lherzolite. Locally, portions of the lithospheric mantle were metasomatized
and oxidized to an extent that conversion of diamond into carbonate should have occurred.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
128.
Sander Wijnhoven Vincent Escaravage Eugène Daemen Herman Hummel 《Estuaries and Coasts》2010,33(6):1261-1278
The former tidal inlet Lake Veere was turned into a stagnant brackish lake in 1961. Ever since, the system has shown a continuous
degradation. The current study shows the monitoring results for the macrozoobenthic communities and the abiotic conditions
for the period 1990–2008. This includes the first step to remediation, the restoration of the exchange between the tidal marine
Eastern Scheldt and Lake Veere in 2004. A continuous decline in water clearance co-occurring with decreasing macrofauna densities
and richness was observed till 2004. Water quality (e.g., secchi depth, nutrient levels, and oxygen conditions) improved significantly
after the measure at a higher salinity level with less variation. But the macrofauna densities, biomass, and diversity did
not improve yet. First indications of changes in the benthic communities by arrival of new and returning species are however
observed and show that restoration at macrofauna level follows the improved abiotic conditions with a delay of several years. 相似文献
129.
Monometamorphic metasediments of Paleozoic or Mesozoic age constituting Schneeberg and Radenthein Complex experienced coherent deformation and metamorphism during Late Cretaceous times. Both complexes are part of the Eoalpine high-pressure wedge that formed an intracontinental suture and occur between the polymetamorphosed Ötztal–Bundschuh nappe system on top and the Texel–Millstatt Complex below. During Eoalpine orogeny Schneeberg and Radenthein Complexes were south-dipping and they experienced a common tectonometamorphic history from ca. 115 Ma onwards until unroofing of the Tauern Window in Miocene times. This evolution is subdivided into four distinct tectonometamorphic phases. Deformation stage D1 is characterized by WNW-directed shearing at high temperature conditions (550–600°C) and related to the initial exhumation of the high-pressure wedge. D2 and D3 are largely coaxial and evolved during high- to medium-temperature conditions (ca. 450 to ≥550°C). These stages are related to advanced exhumation and associated with large-scale folding of the high-pressure wedge including the Ötztal-Bundschuh nappe system above and the Texel–Millstatt Complex below. For the area west of the Tauern Window, F2/F3 fold interference results in the formation of large-scale sheath-folds in the frontal part of the nappe stack (formerly called “Schlingentektonik” by previous authors). Earlier thrusts were reactivated during Late Cretaceous normal faulting at the base of the Ötztal–Bundschuh nappe system and its cover. Deformation stage D4 is of Oligo-Miocene age and accounted for tilting of individual basement blocks along large-scale strike-slip shear zones. This tilting phase resulted from indentation of the Southern Alps accompanied by the formation of the Tauern Window. 相似文献
130.
Khaled M. Said Gemail 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,66(3):749-761
The use of wastewater for irrigation in sandy soil increases the pollution risk of the soil and may infiltrate to the shallow
groundwater aquifer. In such environment, some important parameters need to be obtained for monitoring the wastewater in the
unsaturated zone over the aquifer. These parameters include clay content, heterogeneities of the upper soils, depth to the
aquifer and the variations of groundwater quality. In the present work, the efficiency of DC resistivity method in forms of
1-D and 2-D measurements was studied for wastewater monitoring in the Gabal el Asfar farm, northeast of Cairo, Egypt. Forty-one
Schlumberger soundings (VES) were performed then followed by three pole-dipole 2-D profiles along some considered regions
within the area. The resistivity measurements were integrated with the boreholes, hydrogeological and hydrochemical (surface
and groundwater samples) information to draw a clear picture for the subsurface conditions. The obtained results were presented
as cross sections and 3-D visualization to trace the clay intercalations within the unsaturated zone. In addition, a vulnerability
map was created using the obtained results from 1-D Schlumberger survey and confirmed with the 2-D resistivity profiling.
The obtained results have shown that the 2-D resistivity imaging technique is a powerful tool for mapping the small-scale
variability within the unsaturated zone and the wastewater infiltration. However, limitations of resistivity techniques were
observed in the area with limited resistivity contrast such as thin clay layers with brackish water background. Under that
condition, the measured pattern of resistivity distributions depends on the applied electrode array, electrode spacing and
using the available geological information during the inversion process. 相似文献