Approximate incremental dynamic analysis using the modal pushover analysis procedure

Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA)—a procedure developed for accurate estimation of seismic demand and capacity of structures—requires non‐linear response history analysis of the structure for an ensemble of ground motions, each scaled to many intensity levels, selected to cover the entire range of structural response—all the way from elastic behaviour to global dynamic instability. Recognizing that IDA of practical structures is computationally extremely demanding, an approximate procedure based on the modal pushover analysis procedure is developed. Presented are the IDA curves and limit state capacities for the SAC‐Los Angeles 3‐, 9‐, and 20‐storey buildings computed by the exact and approximate procedures for an ensemble of 20 ground motions. These results demonstrate that the MPA‐based approximate procedure reduces the computational effort by a factor of 30 (for the 9‐storey building), at the same time providing results to a useful degree of accuracy over the entire range of responses—all the way from elastic behaviour to global dynamic instability—provided a proper hysteretic model is selected for modal SDF systems. The accuracy of the approximate procedure does not deteriorate for 9‐ and 20‐storey buildings, although their dynamics is more complex, involving several ‘modes’ of vibration. For all three buildings, the accuracy of the MPA‐based approximate procedure is also satisfactory for estimating the structural capacities for the limit states of immediate occupancy, collapse prevention, and global dynamic instability. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Biological mechanisms driving the seasonal changes in the internal loading of phosphorus in shallow lakes

Because of the obvious importance of P as a nutrient that often accelerates growth of phytoplankton (including toxic cyanobacteria) and therefore worsens water quality, much interest has been devoted to P exchange across the sediment-water interface. Generally, the release mode of P from the sediment differed greatly between shallow and deep lakes, and much of the effort has been focused on iron and oxygen, and also on the relevant environmental factors, for example, turbulence and decomposition, but a large part of the P variation in shallow lakes remains unexplained. This paper reviews experimental and field studies on the mechanisms of P release from the sediment in the shallow temperate (in Europe) and subtropical (in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China) lakes, and it is suggested that pH rather than DO might be more important in driving the seasonal dynamics of internal P loading in these shallow lakes, i.e., intense photosynthesis of phytoplankton increases pH of the lake water and thus may increase pH of the surface sediment, leading to enhanced release of P (especially iron-bound P) from the sediment. Based on the selective pump of P (but not N) from the sediment by algal blooms, it is concluded that photosynthesis which is closely related to eutrophication level is the driving force for the seasonal variation of internal P loading in shallow lakes. This is a new finding. Additionally, the selective pump of P from the sediment by algal blooms not only explains satisfactorily why both TP and PO4-P in the hypereutrophic Lake Donghu declined significantly since the mid-1980s when heavy cyanobacterial blooms were eliminated by the nontraditional biomanipulation (massive stocking of the filter-feeding silver and bighead carps), but also explains why TP in European lakes decreased remarkably in the spring clear-water phase with less phytoplankton during the seasonal succession of aquatic communities or when phytoplankton biomass was decreased by traditional biomanipulation. Compared with deep lakes, wax and wane of phytoplankton due to alternations in the ecosystem structure is also able to exert significant influences on the P exchange at the sediment-water interface in shallow lakes. In other words, biological activities are also able to drive P release from sediments, and such a static P release process is especially more prominent in eutrophic shallow lakes with dense phytoplankton.     

南羌塘盆地扎仁古油藏白云岩储层特征及成因研究

根据薄片、铸体薄片、压汞、阴极发光等研究,详细描述了南羌塘盆地扎仁古油藏白云岩的储层特征,并对白云岩成因作了初步研究。认为该白云岩在沉积期后变化中经历了多种成岩作用改造,其中影响白云岩储集性的作用主要有白云石化作用、溶蚀作用、重结晶作用和构造应力作用,对白云岩孔渗改善起了积极作用。白云岩主要储集空间为晶间孔、晶间溶孔,储集物性良好。广泛发育的白云石环边结构等淡水成因标志表明,该区白云岩是通过大气水-海水孔隙混合流体交代灰岩所形成的。     

粤北花岗岩型铀矿找矿潜力及找矿方向

深部构造环境、长期活动的深大断裂和成群成组的成矿构造带、多期次构造岩浆活动和蚀变叠加、多期次地幔流体和成矿流体的频繁活动，以及花岗岩丰富的铀源、良好的还原条件和封闭成矿环境等优越的成矿条件，使粤北成为得天独厚的花岗岩型铀矿矿集区。通过分析下庄矿田330南西地区“群脉型”、中洞地区“交点型”铀矿化，以及南雄矿田坪下水地区、棉花坑-书楼丘地区“硅化碎裂岩型”铀矿化等成矿条件好、找矿线索明显的地区，表明区内有较大的铀资源潜力和找矿潜力，为下一步的工作指出了方向。     

南京红层桩基持力层承载力初探

南京红层岩性复杂，桩基持力层承载力难确定。依据南京某工程勘察资料，建立南京红层泥岩、泥质粉砂岩不同互层情况的地质模型，运用FLAC3D软件分析，并与载荷板试验结果进行对比表明：桩基持力层应选择在厚度大于两倍桩径的泥质粉砂岩地层上，避免放置于泥岩地层；载荷板试验结果偏于保守，设计时可以把这部分作为安全储备。     

时态GIS的空间实体关联技术应用研究

在自然界中大多数现实世界的实体都是动态的,地图上的公路、铁路、居民地等只是相对于一个很短的时间里是静态的,经过一个长的时间这些实体都将发生改变。本文根据不同时态地理实体的各种特征比较,将两个时态的数据进行关联,建立几何、位置和属性的变化模型,将这个动态的过程表现出来。试验表明,本文的算法是有效的。     

基于直方图的遥感图像相似性检索方法比较

相似性度量是用于研究多源数据之间相似程度的，是对空间数据进行模式识别的基础。通过单波段遥感图像的检索对两组直方图相似性检索方法进行了实验研究，即基于特征向量的相似性度量和基于概率的相似性度量。实验中发现第一组相似度量中有两种以往较少用于遥感图像检索的方法表现出色，它们分别是，统计距离和相似夹角余弦度量。第二组实验中，针对其中包含较明显的目标物体且背景较为单一的遥感图像（其直方图可看作混合高斯分布），在类别可分离判据的基础上，根据K-近邻法则提出了一种计算该类图像之间相似值的方法。实验结果表明基于K-近邻法则的计算方法行之有效。所得出的结论将对多源数据分析中相似性度量的理解与选择有积极意义。     

数字测绘技术在城镇地籍测量中的应用

通过实例简述了数字化测绘技术在城镇地籍测量中作业流程、实施过程与地籍管理信息系统的建立过程。说明用该技术作业效率与成果精度比较高。     

黔东南夏季旱涝指数及干旱气候特征分析

用当前降水和蒸发因子以及前期降水因子定义了黔东南夏季旱涝指数,用此指数计算了黔东南1971~2000年的夏旱指数,同时对各年的夏季旱涝进行了定级,检验证明,此指标对黔东南夏季旱涝等级的划分比日常业务中使用的降水百分率对黔东南夏季旱涝的等级划分更符合实际情况。讨论了黔东南夏季干旱的时空变化特征,得出结论:①夏季干旱主要出现在7~8月,6月干旱较轻,7月重旱出现的概率最大,8月次之;②20世纪70年代干旱主要出现在7月,80年代整个夏季均少雨干旱,以中等以上干旱为主,90年代降水较多,没有重旱出现;③黔东南州的夏季干旱,东南部出现的概率最大,西北部最小;但7月干旱多出现在东北部地区,8月的干旱西北部和东南部多于西南部和东北部。     

煤矿瓦斯浓度与气象因子相关分析及预报模型

对山西省大同市地方煤矿1979~1997年发生的90起重大典型事故案例进行分析,发现瓦斯事故是发生次数最多,占事故总数的33%,而其造成的灾害也最重。瓦斯浓度的高低与气象因子具有一定的相关性,通过统计计算,得出了旬瓦斯浓度与旬气温、旬气压的相关关系,建立了旬瓦斯浓度预报模型和逐日瓦斯浓度等级预报模型,预报拟合率和试报效果较好。利用该研究成果,结合中短期天气预报,可以提前预报瓦斯浓度的变化趋势,对于搞好煤矿安全生产的管理,及时加大通风,减少事故发生具有重要意义。