Sulfide and iron control on mercury speciation in anoxic estuarine sediment slurries

In order to understand the role of sulfate and Fe(III) reduction processes in the net production of monomethylmercury (MMHg), we amended anoxic sediment slurries collected from the Venice Lagoon, Italy, with inorganic Hg and either potential electron acceptors or metabolic byproducts of sulfate and Fe(III) reduction processes, gradually changing their concentrations. Addition of sulfide (final concentration: 0.2–6.3 mM) resulted in an exponential decrease in the sulfate reduction rate and MMHg concentration with increasing concentrations of sulfide. Based on this result, we argue that the concentration of dissolved sulfide is a critical factor controlling the sulfate reduction rate, and in turn, the net MMHg production at steady state. Addition of either Fe(II) (added concentration: 0–6.1 mM) or Fe(III) (added concentration: 0–3.5 mM) resulted in similar trends in the MMHg concentration, an increase with low levels of Fe additions and a subsequent decrease with high levels of Fe additions. The limited availability of dissolved Hg, associated with sulfide removal by precipitation of FeS, appears to inhibit the net MMHg production in high levels of Fe additions. There was a noticeable reduction in the net MMHg production in Fe(III)-amended slurries as compared to Fe(II)-amended ones, which could be caused by a decrease in the sulfate reduction rate. This agrees with the results of Hg methylation assays using the enrichment cultures of anaerobic bacteria: whereas the enrichment cultures of sulfate reducers showed significant production of MMHg (4.6% of amended Hg), those of Fe(III), Mn(IV), and nitrate reducers showed no production of MMHg. It appears that enhanced Fe(III)-reduction activities suppress the formation of MMHg in high sulfate estuarine sediments.     

广西合浦海草床生态系统服务功能价值评估

海草床生态系统是生物多样性丰富和生产力高的近岸海洋生态系统,本文以广西合浦海草床为例,结合实地调查、已有的研究成果和当地统计资料,综合运用生态经济学、资源经济学等基本理论和方法,对该地区海草生态系统的服务功能进行了价值评估。结果表明2005年该地区海草生态系统的服务功能价值为6．29×105元／a·ha,其中间接利用价值最大,为4．47×105元／a·ha,占总经济价值的70．97％;其次为非利用价值,为1．54x105元／a·ha,占总经济价值的24．52％;最少的是直接利用价值为2．84×104元／a·ha,仅占总经济价值的4．51％。     

“网格化”城市管理系统中城市部件数字化采集方法的探讨

为了有效地实施"网格化"城市管理,提高城市管理效率,加快城市管理体系的建立,需要全面掌握城市部件的分布和现状情况。城市部件是"网格城市"的基础,高质量的数据采集是提高管理效率的根本。根据具体项目中城市部件采集工作,讨论了有效实用的、又有别于城市测绘的数字化采集方法和步骤,所获取的有效成果证明了该采集方法的可行性。     

BTEX anomalies used as indicators of submarine oil and gas reservoirs

It is a conventional method for petroleum prospecting to generally use paraffin hydrocarbon as basic indexes of oil and gas. This conventional geochemical technology, however, shows some limits in the prospecting as paraffin is vulnerable to influences from human and biologic activities. Consequently, BTEX (short for benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylem, which are direct biomarkers) among aromatic hydrocarbon series has been taken into account for the oil and gas prediction. Domestic and foreign study results demonstrate that BTEX is hardly disturbed and can well indicate oil and gas reservoirs. Based on measured data from a South China Sea area, the present authors have used self-developed visual assessment software for petroleum prospecting has been used to process data, strip background anomalies, and outline significant BTEX anomalies. By comparison with stratigraphic profiles of the target area, it is confirmed that BTEX is a good indication of marine oil and gas during the petroleum prospecting.     

Distribution characteristics of heavy metals in surface sediments and core sediments of the Shenzhen Bay in Guangdong Province, China

The concentration of zinc, chromium, cadmium, nickel, lead and copper was measured on both surface sediments and core sediments in the Shenzhen Bay. The average contents of all metals have exceeded the background values in the coastal zone of Guangdong Province. Cadmium is a heavy pollution matter which indicates a strong pollution level according to the ecological risk coefficient method. The ecological risk index of the whole area is 299 which belongs to middle and strong level. The area with strong pollution level is the near shore area closing to the inside of Shenzhen Bay, Shakou area is in the middle level while the weak pollution level occurs in Shenzhenhe Estuary according to ecological risk index. The four sediment cores can be divided into two parts based on lead-210 dating, sediments size analysis and economic development period in surrounding areas since 1950 with strong human intervention. The sediment size, deposition rate and human activities have positive relationship with the contents of heavy metals which directly impact the pollution level of heavy metals in sediments in Shenzhen Bay.     

Adaptive Predictive Inverse Control of Offshore Jacket Platform Based on Rough Neural Network

The offshore jacket platform is a complex and time-varying nonlinear system,which can be excited of harmful vibration by external loads.It is difficult to obtain an ideal control performance for passive control methods or traditional active control methods based on accurate mathematic model.In this paper,an adaptive inverse control method is proposed on the basis of novel rough neural networks (RNN) to control the harmful vibration of the offshore jacket platform,and the offshore jacket platform model is established by dynamic stiffness matrix (DSM) method.Benefited from the nonlinear processing ability of the neural networks and data interpretation ability of the rough set theory,RNN is utilized to identify the predictive inverse model of the offshore jacket platform system.Then the identified model is used as the adaptive predictive inverse controller to control the harmful vibration caused by wave and wind loads,and to deal with the delay problem caused by signal transmission in the control process.The numerical results show that the constructed novel RNN has advantages such as clear structure,fast training speed and strong error-tolerance ability,and the proposed method based on RNN can effectively control the harmfid vibration of the offshore jacket platform.     

Short-term temperature and salinity variations in the Tsushima Strait in 2004: Behavior of the surface low-salinity water in the strait

Temporal variations in temperature and salinity observed in 2004 were investigated on a short time scale in the Tsushima Strait. The data were obtained by long-term in situ measurements at Mitsushima and Futaoi Island using an instrument equipped with a piston-type wiper to avoid biofouling. In addition, the temperature and salinity values of the surface layer obtained by a commercial ferryboat between Hakata and Busan were used to investigate their spatiotemporal variations. Temperature and salinity variations with a time scale of several days had a negative correlation in the summer. This evidence suggests that a warm and less saline water mass, which is considered to be mainly the Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW), flowed intermittently through the Tsushima Strait in summer. In late July 2004, a large low-salinity water mass was detected in the Tsushima Strait. At that time, the freshwater transport through the Tsushima Strait transiently reached about 12 × 10⁴ m³s⁻¹, which is estimated from observed acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) data along a ferryboat line and inferred salinity profiles. This estimated value is more than double the maximum of the climatological monthly mean of the Changjiang discharge. Furthermore, salinity and surface current data obtained by high frequency ocean radar (HF radar) indicate that water properties at Mitsushima may occasionally represent part of the water flowing through the western channel via a countercurrent, although Mitsushima is geographically located in the eastern channel.     

长江口九段沙岸滩的短周期地貌动力过程

根据2006年5～10月(洪季)长江口九段沙上沙两固定断面的逐月滩面高程测量及表层沉积物的粒度分析结果,尤其是应用"碧利斯"台风前后的实测水文地貌资料,结合同期表层悬沙浓度的逐日观测资料,开展了九段沙岸滩地貌动力过程及沉积物对台风响应的研究.结果显示,长江口九段沙上沙东南岸滩演变表现为"岸冲滩淤"的变化规律,即堤岸呈现冲蚀,潮滩在冲淤变化中总体趋于淤积.2006年"碧利斯"台风期间,九段沙上沙波高达2.56 m,增水1 m多,强浪伴随增水,导致滩面平均蚀低6.4 cm,最大蚀深为20.2 cm.台风作用造成滩面冲刷,沉积物粗化,台风过后滩面迅速回淤,粒径变细.这充分表明,暴风浪是引起九段沙上沙岸滩及其沉积物短期突变的重要动力因素.河口潮滩冲淤对流域水沙变化有较敏感响应,长江来水来沙变化是制约潮滩季节性冲淤演化的重要因子.岸滩短期变化主要原因在于波浪掀沙和潮流输沙的联合作用.由于潮流和潮位位相不一致,造成涨潮流携高含沙量水体上滩落淤,落潮流携低含沙量滩水归槽,涨潮输沙淤滩被波浪刷滩所掩盖,如此往复,潮滩淤积.最后分析了上沙抛石堤的护岸保滩作用及不足之处,并提出了加固措施.现有的上沙抛石堤能防御常浪冲刷,受台风浪袭击时仅能抵御堤岸蚀退,石堤自身的毁坏难以避免,需经常修护;在潮沟口应设涵洞;基于台风浪的巨大能量,抛石堤块石需增大增重.该研究结果可为河口湿地的保护和建设提供科学依据.     

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野外型断层活动连续监测系统

介绍野外型断层活动连续监测系统的组成、布设及主要技术指标。